1. Globalization

2. What is it?
The integration of social, technological, scientific, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations that has resulted from increasing international contacts
“not simply a trend or a fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has now replaced the Cold War system, and like that Cold War system, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics, and economics of virtually every country in the world”
…..Thomas Friedman

3. What causes globalization?
Modern transportation/communication
Increased international trade
Spread of “popular” culture
Sharing of international science
International business
Is this new???

4. Eras of Expanding Trade Networks
The Silk Road Era (200 BCE CE)
The Islamic Era ( )
The Mongol Interlude ( )
The Atlantic System ( )
The Age of Global Empires ( )
Globalization (1945-Present)
During each of these time periods, one sees the development of new and regular trade routes, new or improved commodities to exchange, the establishment of financial intermediaries, and commonly held customs and practices to facilitate this exchange.

5. Global Economic Alliances
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1947 – unrestricted global trade signed by 23 noncommunist nations
--goal: loosen barriers to free trade by decreasing tariff barriers
WTO (World Trade Organization) 1994

7. Internationalization of Culture
Consumerism – People want more than
they need
“Americanization” or “McDonaldization” threatens local cultures
Cultural lines have become blurred as world becomes more connected - (cultural imperialism)
Other examples?

8. Americanization or McDonaldization
Pepsi in Russian

11. Global/Multinational Corporations
What enabled this to occur?
What are examples?
Why do people criticize these?
Why is it difficult for the government to regulate multinational businesses?

12. Economic growth in Asia
Japan’s 2nd “economic miracle”
Post WWII, Japan had few resources and no empire
U.S. provided aid, investments, and protection
Japan’s plan = “economic tiger”
Export-oriented economy
Low wages
High technology
Pro-business government

13. Economic Growth in Asia
Little Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan
Followed the Japanese model
By the 1990s, joined by Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia

14. Economic Growth in Asia
China after Mao
Late 1970s, China was opened to foreign investment and technology
Gradual shift from a command economy to a market/capitalist economy

15. Global Economic Alliances/Trading Blocs
FREE TRADE/liberalization of trade
Free of state imposed restrictions
Quite often within a regional trade group

16. What are some examples of regional trading blocs?

17. Regional Trading Alliances (shared political and economic interests to promote trade)
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 1967
EC (European Community) 1967
EU (European Union) 1993
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) 1994
AEC (African Economic Community) 1991

18. European Union EU

19. European Union Began in 1957 with six nations; now 27
Intended to integrate the European economy
Common currency – the Euro

21. Global Economic Alliances
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 1960 – Mostly Arab and Muslim members (1970s hit hard due to embargo of oil shipments to the U.S.)

22. OPEC Established in 1960 to control oil prices
After Arab-Israeli War of 1973, OPEC placed an embargo on oil to the US because we were Israel’s ally
Price of oil quadrupled which triggered a global recession (gas was 75 cents a gallon)

23. What kind of monopoly is OPEC?

24. What are some problems related to globalization?

25. Cross-cultural Exchanges
State a better definition of “popular culture” than what is given in the notes.

26. Western consumerism – satisfies a person’s wants and desires rather than needs or necessities

27. Western Consumerism spreads
Iran’s Islamic answer to Barbie and Ken: Sara and Dara

28. Americanization or McDonaldization
Pepsi in Russian

29. World Cup/Olympics

30. Global Interactions in Culture
Sports
--Baseball in Japan
--Football (soccer) and the World Cup
*spread around the world via the British
*Colonial nationalists emphasized playing
football to generate a national identity
Art
--Other cultures represented in Western art, such as African sculpture in Pablo Picasso’s pieces and Japanese woodblock printing influence in Impressionism

31. Global Interactions in Culture
Reggae
--Roots in slave trade to Jamaica, Marcus Garvey’s
Pan-Africanism of the early 20th century
--1930s-Ethiopians believed new leader,
Haile Selassie (originally named Ras Tafari) was
the Messiah; translated this into new religion,
Rastafarianism
--1960s-American styles of R&B and soul led
Jamaicans to adapt/transform those styles in
new ways = reggae (Bob Marley)
--Marley and The Wailers blended this with
spiritual message of Rastafarianism and a
political message of resistance
--Reggae spread throughout the world

32. Global Problems: Demographic
20th century had a vast increase in the population b/c of advances in ag, industry, science, medicine
Developed countries’ population dropped – why?
“Warning to Humanity” 1992 – There is a finite supply of physical resources and we are on a collision course.
Reducing birth rates has become a concern in many countries (WHO - World Health Organization assists in family-planning)

33. Global Problems: Environment
Exploitation and competition
Urbanization and agricultural expansion
Increase use of fossil fuels
Kyoto Treaty
Greenpeace and Earth Day
Green Revolution

34. Global Problems: economic inequities and labor servitude
Causes of poverty
Resources distribution and access
Income opportunities limited
Education opportunities limited
Forced labor
Slavery abolished worldwide in 1960s
Slavery still exists
Child labor still common

35. Global problems: diseases
Last major pandemic – Spanish flu of 1918/1919; killed million
Smallpox and diphtheria have been eradicated
Medical innovations: polio vaccine, antibiotics, artificial heart, transplants

36. Global Problems: disease
HIV/AIDS
Identified in 1981 in San Francisco
kills adults; leaves children orphaned; threatens society
Treatment is expensive
In 2000, 36.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide; of those 21.8 are in Africa

37. Global Problems: disease
Diseases associated with your lifestyle: diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimers
Diseases associate with poverty: malaria, TB, cholera

38. Global Problems: terrorism
Define – terrorism using words other than in the notes

39. Global Problems: terrorism
What is the difference between foreign and domestic terrorism?

40. Global Problems: terrorism
Identify some terrorist events.

41. International problem-solving organizations
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Red Cross (civilians in time of war and wounded soldiers, peacetime, rendering medical aid and other help to victims of natural disasters)
Greenpeace (preservation of the earth’s natural resources & diverse animal/plant life)
Doctors Without Borders

42. International Problem-solving organizations
United Nations
Founded in 1945 to “maintain international peace and security
Not successful at preventing wars
Cannot legislate, but has international influence
More successful in health and educational goals
Eradication of smallpox
Decrease in child mortality
Increase in female literacy
WHO and UNICEF are the most successful parts

43. Human Rights
Nuremberg trials of the Nazis introduces the idea of crimes against humanity
United Nations – Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (codification of international human rights laws: forbids slavery, torture, discrimination)
Amnesty International 1978 (over 2.2 million supporters in over 150 countries –independent and impartial)

44. Financial Organizations
IMF
World Bank
WTO