1. Emerging diseases: Preparedness
and implementation issues
Lyon, France
5 - 8 November 2006
Biological crisis management in human and veterinary medicine – new medicines for animals – a growing global need
Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :
Gideon Brückner
Scientific and Technical Department

2. Established in 1924 – fear of animal pandemic in Europe - rinderpest
Intergovernmental organisation – not UN based
Five permanent Regional Representations: Bamako, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Sofia and Beirut
Two Sub-regional Offices: Bangkok, Gaborone
Five Regional Commissions: Africa, America, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Middle East
167 Member Countries ( 2006)

3. OIE Objectives World zoosanitary information
International solidarity in control of animal diseases
Health standards for international trade
Provide a better guarantee of the safety of food of animal origin
Improve animal health worldwide
Go through OIE objectives that are related to the subject of this conference
Guarantee the transparancy of the world zoosanitary information
To encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases : avian influenza does not need a passport
To provide healt standards for international trade: to give the CVO’ s recommendations on the trade of animals and animal products in case of an outbreak of one of the listed diseases. This will provide unjustified trade barriers, lead to fairer trade and is of benefit for the developing countries.
Provide a better guarantee of the safety of food of animal origin.

4. Why are we worried about the prevention and control of major animal diseases and zoonosis?

5. OIE-list of diseases – criteria for listing acknowledge increased importance of human/animal pathogen interface
Basic Criteria
(always considering “worst case” scenario)
Parameters (at least one “yes” answer means that the criterion has been met)
International Spread
Has international spread been proven on three or more occasions? OR
Are more than three countries with populations of susceptible animals free of the disease or facing impending freedom (based on Code provisions, especially Article 3.8.1)? OR
Do OIE annual reports indicate that a significant number of countries with susceptible populations have reported absence of the disease for several consecutive years?
Significant Spread within Naïve Populations
Does the disease exhibit significant mortality at the level of a country or compartment? AND/OR
Does the disease exhibit significant morbidity at the level of a country or compartment?
Zoonotic Potential
Has transmission to humans been proven? (with the exception of artificial circumstances) AND
Is human infection associated with severe consequences? (death or prolonged illness)
Emerging Diseases
(A newly recognised pathogen or known pathogen behaving differently)
Is there rapid spread with morbidity/mortality and/or apparent zoonotic properties?

6. Zoonotic potential of animal pathogens
60% of human pathogens are zoonotic
80% of animal pathogens are multi-host
75% of emerging diseases are zoonotic
80% of agents having a potential bioterrorist use are zoonotic pathogens
Nearly all new human diseases originate from animal reservoirs
Diseases can now spread faster across the world than the average incubation period of most diseases

7. (L. King, 2005)

8. Factors of Emergence and Re-Emergence
(L. King, 2005)

9. General classification of threats related to animal diseases
Animal to animal transmission
Direct economic impact – agroterrorism
Diseases exotic to country
Diseases eradicated at high cost
Diseases with specific vaccines needed for control
Animal to human transmission
Diseases with pandemic potential
Diseases with high/sudden human mortality
Diseases with slow but progressive human illness/mortality
Rinderpest

10. Most common causes of infection
Incidental (‘Normal’/expected)
External (Uncontrolled/difficult to control)
Wild animals, migratory birds
Ilegal trade
Deliberate spread - Agroterrorism

11. Minimize threat of emerging animal diseases
Early warning
Early detection
Rapid diagnosis
Rapid response
Rapid disease
containment - vaccination

12. New Medicines: Global Perspective
Global public good to address major animal diseases worldwide:
Importance of livestock to developing countries
Dual need – protect human/animal health and ensure food security
Mandate and obligation of veterinary profession to create immune buffer between human and the animal source of disease – must control disease at animal source
Animal diseases have direct and major impacts on food security and poverty alleviation
PVS initiative in collaboration with World Bank and other donours ( USA, Canada, Australia, UK, EC) to assist developing and in-transit countries to move towards compliance with OIE standards for disease control

13. Scenario of total consumption of Livestock products
Here you can see in a graph the expected increase in livestock products. Ofcourse there are different scenario’s but all models show a strong increase in the consumption of livestock products.

14. Trends in growth of global livestock sector
Strong increase in global numbers of animals
Regional differences in increase of beef, pork and poultry production based on cultural, religious or nutritional preferences
Differences between developing and developed countries
Strong increase of industrial livestock farming systems
Strong increase in consumption will obviously lead to an increase in the numbers of livestock and with the global trade the increase in livestock numbers is mainly expected in the developing countries. All models ofcourse differ slightly but they all predict a strong rise in the numbers of animals
Big differences in the different regions, in India more pork and chicken than beef and in Muslim countries an increase in chicken and beef.
Many countries worldwide have high numbers of backyard farming, up to 98 % in african countries and for example central asian countries like Afganistan and Kirgistan but with the increase of numbers of livestock it is predicted that the industrial farming also increases which may lead to a difference in disease problems
Some practices and by-products of livestock production harm people as we can see for example in the current AI crisis. All people that have got infected so far were in very close intensive contact with poultry, two cases in vietnam of drinking raw duck blood and the cases in Azerbeijdjan because of collecting feathers from infected wild birds.
The increase of the global livestock population and the intensification of the holding of the animals may also lead to more emerging zoonotic diseases. Cultural practices may also lead to human infections of animal diseases.

15. Veterinary Vaccine Market
Market is as big as human market -
but much more diverse (160 versus 30 vaccines)
Market is heterogenous
Countries
Species
conditions
R&D costs increased over the years
We all know the stories of the use of material from infected animals to vaccinate healthy animals.
With the increased knowledge on the infectious agents, receptors, immunology etc and the introduction of the biotechnology and the genomics we have been able move from trial and error to rationale vaccine development
The market is very big but more divers as we deal with more animal species and more disesases for which we vaccinate. This market will certainly grow due to the developments in the livestock sector but I did not even talk about the pet animals, a market that is also still growing.
The market is very heterogenous in the different countries, dependent on the species, the incomes, the pet animals, the disease situation in that country, political aspects etc
In some countries the logistical aspects are still very difficult…storage and transport of vaccines is not always easy.

16. Vaccine sales per region30 25 20 15 10 5
Here you can see that the market will grow very much in the regions where the increase of the livestock is expected, Asia, Latin America and also East Europe. The increase in livestock population is not so much expected at this moment in Africa but when incomes would increase there there will also be a growth in the numbers of vaccines sold
North
West
Far East
Latin
East
Rest of
America
Europe
America
Europe
world

17. A survey of Vaccines for listed diseases in OIE member Countries
Variety of vaccines for FMD, CSF, NDV, bacterial diseases
Limited number of vaccines for AHS, Bluetongue, CBPP, HPAI, LSD, PPR, RVF, RP, S/G Pox, SVD and VD
An outbreak of any of these diseases will have very serious consequences
Increased need for inactivated vs attenuated vaccines

18. International standards, guidelines and recommendations
Terrestrial Animal Health Code
Aquatic Animal Health Code
Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals

19. What is International Public Good?
Animal health
Veterinary
Services
Animal Disease
Zoonosis
Human health
Poverty
Food security
Lack of trade

20. Where does vaccination fit in?
Animal health
Vaccination
Creating
the buffer
Animal Disease
Zoonosis
Human health
Poverty
Food security
Lack of trade

21. Time & financial constraints
What does the OIE accept and acknowledge about the current situation relative to needs?
Restraints of pharmaceutical industry (pressure, fear of exposure, demands)
Time & financial constraints
Increased public sensitivity on human/animal pathogen interface -> demands on vaccine manufacturers
Changes in policy on disease control strategies and effect of that on vaccine industry – e.g. vaccination vs mass culling; need for marker vaccines
Needs and constraints of developing countries
Food chain sensitivity

22. Realisation of the OIE on some general barriers in vaccine, pharmaceuticals and diagnostic development
More basic research necessary to be innovative
Non-vaccination policy in Europe
Development of new medicines is very expensive
Maintenance of patent rights
Pressure to be ready but without a guaranteed market
Return on investment: big market is essential
Reluctance in development / use of recombinant medicines

23. What do we need now - compared to 5 to 10 years ago? – view of OIE
Public resistance against mass culling
Less sensitivity in trade in animals and animal products on vaccination
Need vaccines that would not require a long post-vaccination period before movement
Need to distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals
Need vaccines that do not require a second booster within short time

24. What do we need now - compared to 5 to 10 years ago? – view of OIE
Need vaccines that can be administered with a reasonable guaranteed immune response in adverse conditions (cold chain friendly vaccines)
Need multiple disease combination and multistrain vaccines (AI, BT, FMD, NCD)
Need to match vaccine strains with epidemiological need – rapid vaccine development response
Need to rapidly introduce new master seed strains
Vaccine banks – emergency response

25. Desired Developments Develop partnerships public – private
Networks human animal interface
Stimulate innovation (harmonise guidelines for GMO’S)
Make new vaccines widely available - also developing countries
More basic research: from trial and error to rational vaccine design
Build a robust but accommodating regulatory process also with regard to emerging diseases.
Further expansion of the current PVS initiative of the OIE to elicit donour support for the evaluation of developing and in-transit countries to identify shortcomings to comply with and maintain OIE standards for disease control

26. Conclusion …
Vaccination will become the choice alternative for disease control – provided the vaccines available do not pose a risk for international spread of disease

27. Thank you very much! World Organisation for Animal Health
12 rue de Prony
75017 Paris, France
Tel: 33 (0) – Fax: 33 (0)