1. Cells and Organelles

2. Famous Men Leeuwenhoek: first to see living microorganisms
Used a simple microscope
Robert Hooke: named the cell
Used a compound microscope to look at cork
Reminded him of rooms in a monastery
Called them cells

3. Cell Structure and Function
Cells vary in size.
Longest cell- nerve cells (up to 2 meters long)
Smallest cell- bacteria largest cell- egg
Cells vary in shape. Shape relates to function
Blood cells are smooth, round, and flow easily through the blood vessels

4. Cell Theory T. Schwann: all animals are made of cells
M. Schleiden: All plants are made of cells
Virchow: All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Unicellular- 1 cell multicellular- 2+ cells
Cell is the basic unit of life
The beginning unit is always a cell
All cells come from other cells

5. Cell Types cell organelles-organs in a cell 2 Cell Types:
most important organelle= nucleus (controls all cell functions)
Nucleus:Cell :: Brain: Body
(a nucleus is to the cell what the brain is to the body)
2 Cell Types:
Prokaryote Eukaryote
no nucleus nucleus
no membrane bound membrane bound
organelles organelles
simple complex
contains: cell wall, cell membrane Contains: nucleus and
and ribosomes organelles
Bacteria ONLY Plants/Animals/Fungus

6. Nucleus Nucleus- control center (contains chromatin)
Chromatin- Tangles of DNA
Nucleolus- located in the center of the nucleus, produces Ribosomes
**only eukaryotes have a nucleus

7. Cell Wall Rigid Structure- does not move like the cell membrane
Surrounds Cell membrane
Provides Support
Ex: Plants, fungi, some protists and bacteria

8. Ribosomes and Cytoplasm
Ribosomes: Found on the Endoplasmic Reticulum or in the cytoplasm
Site of Protein Synthesis
All cells
Cytoplasm:
jelly-like substance between the nucleus and cell membrane
Surrounds the organelles inside the cell
A place for Chemical Reactions and Transport

9. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Folded Membrane (increased surface area)
Assembly and transport of proteins and lipids
Rough ER has attached ribosomes
Eukaryotes only (plant and animals)

10. Mitochondrion Produces Energy (ATP) for the cell
Inner folded membrane increases surface area, the greater the surface area the more area for production of ATP
Eukaryotes only (plant and animal cells)

11. Golgi Body and Vacuole
Golgi Body: Packaging and Shipping of Proteins and Lipids
Packaged into Vesicles
eukaryotes
Vacuole
Storage of Food, water, and waste
Larger in plant cells- usually contains water

12. Chloroplast Photosynthesis happens here
Contains chlorophylls that absorbs sunlight (green pigment)
Plant cells only
Light energy +CO2+ H2Oglucose+O2

13. Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Lysosomes
Microtubules and Microfilaments
Protein fibers involved in cell movement and shape of the cell
Moves organelles throughout the cell
Lysosomes
Used to digest food
Used to break down the cell when it dies
Animal cells only

14. Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane (Cell Membrane) Surrounds cell
Maintains homeostasis
Homeostasis-constant internal environment
selectively permeable
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
ALL CELLS

15. Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane- flexible outer boundary of a cell (like skin)
Job- to maintain homeostasis (internal balance)
Plasma Membrane is Selectively Permeable- chooses what passes through
Selectively- choosy about what comes in and what goes out
Permeable- allows to pass
Fluid Mosaic Model- moves like a fluid with embedded proteins

16. Plasma (Cell) Membrane is to cell as skin is to body
Three molecules in the membrane:
Phospholipid is the main molecule, a lipid that has a:
Phosphate Group + Glycerol Backbone (Hydrophilic Head)
2 fatty acid chains- Tail (Hydrophobic)
Saturated fatty acids make the membrane more rigid
Unsaturated fatty acids makes the membrane more fluid-like

17. 2. Membrane Protein 3. Cholesterol
Transport Proteins- help larger molecules get across the cell membrane
Enzymes- help speed up the reaction
Chemical Markers- help cells to identify each other
Cell Signaling- messages from outside of the cell are communicated to the inside
3. Cholesterol
Found in animal cells
Lipid gives stability to the membrane

18. 3 Differences between Plant and Animal Cells
Plant cells have cell walls
Plant cells have chloroplasts
Plant cells have larger vacuoles