1. Rival City-States: Athens versus Sparta

2. Sparta
“Come back with your shield or on it”

3. Development Located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula
Founded by descendants of Dorians
Militaristic society
Helots

4. Government
Founded on the principle that the life of EVERY INDIVIDUAL belonged to the state
Militaristic Oligarchy

5. Government Oligarchy Kings (2): Religious, judicial & military duties
Ephors (5):
Day-to-day operations
Could veto any law; had the most political power

6. Government Council of Elders: Proposed laws; at least 60 years old
Assembly:
Voted on laws; all Spartan men over the age of 30

7. Social Class Spartiates (citizens): Landowners & nobles (5%) Perioeci:
Free men; often foreign artisans & merchants
Helots:
Slaves/serfs

8. Status of Women
Women were expected to be healthy & strong so that they could bear strong children
Trained in gymnastics, wrestling & boxing

9. Status of Women
Although they were respected in Spartan society, women COULD NOT participate in government

10. Education/Training Primary purpose: Produce soldiers
Military training began at age 7
Entered the military at age 18

11. Education/Training Trained to read, write & use weapons
Taught to steal, but not get caught
Harsh training: no shoes, sometimes no clothing

12. Spartan Values Duty Modesty Honor Cunning Bravery Devotion Obedience
Endurance
Strength
Self-Reliance
Modesty
Cunning
Devotion
Success
Military Power
Conformity

13. Athens

14. Development Located on the Attica Peninsula (north of Sparta)
Descended from the Mycenaeans

16. Government Assembly: Passed laws & decided public issues
ALL free men over the age of 18 could participate
DUTY

17. Government Council of 500: Drafted & proposed laws
Oversaw meetings of the assembly
Members chosen by lottery once a year

18. Government Ostracism:
If a politician’s name appeared on 6,000 ostraca they would be EXILED!!!

19. Social Class Citizens: All free men born in Athens (50%) Metics:
Non-Athenians/aliens
No land, but paid taxes
Could NEVER become citizens

20. Social Class Slaves: Considered property Protection under the law
Could move up to Metic class
33% of population

21. Status of Women
No formal education; learned household duties from mother
Married between 13-15
Primary purpose was to have children

22. Status of Women NO legal rights
Could NOT participate in government; expected to stay out of the business of men

23. Education/Training Entered school at 7; graduated at 18
Studied arithmetic, drawing, music, gymnastics, rhetoric, literature, etc.

24. Education/Training At age 18 men served in the military for 2 years
Ephebic Oath:
Pledge of loyalty to Athens & to good citizenship

25. Athenian Values Healthy mind & body Beauty Individuality
Balance & proportion
Honor
Athleticism
Loyalty & pride
Wit & humor
Philosophy
Debate among citizens