1. Cancer
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2. Learning Objectives Define cancer
Discuss the incidence of cancer in the United States
List the most common types of cancer
Identify factors that influence your risk of developing cancer
Discuss several types of occupational carcinogens
Outline ways to reduce your risk of skin cancer due to exposure to ultraviolet light
Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in reducing cancer risk
Explain how free radicals increase your risk of cancer
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3. Cancer Second leading cause of U.S. deaths
A collection of over 100 related diseases characterized by rapid, uncontrolled cell growth/often forms tumors
Can occur in almost any tissue/organ
Two kinds of tumors
Benign (slower growing, less serious health threats)
Malignant (fast growing, very serious health threats)
Biopsy: procedure determining type of cells
Metastasis: spread of cancer cells through body
Cancer cells invade other tissues and/or interfere with organ functions, can lead to organ failure/death
Key to treatment/survival: early detection
Complete Lab 14.1: Determining Your Cancer Risk
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4. Early Cancer Detection: 7 Warning Signs
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5. Cancer Growth and Metastasis
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6. Cancer Cell Growth Controlled by DNA DNA damaged by carcinogens
Uncontrolled cell growth occurs
Carcinogens include
Radiation
Chemicals
Drugs
Toxic substances
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7. Cancer Cell Formation
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8. Types of Cancer Lung Cancer Leading cause of all cancer deaths
Easiest way to reduce risk: don't smoke
Colon and Rectal Cancer (Colorectal)
Third leading cause of cancer deaths
Get regular screenings for polyps after age 50
Breast Cancer
Most common cancer in women, second cause of cancer deaths in women
Get mammograms/perform breast self-examination
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9. Types of Cancer (cont.) Prostate Cancer
Second leading cause of cancer deaths in men
Get regular exams, especially after age 50
Testicular Cancer
Most common cancer in young men
Perform routine self-examinations
Skin Cancer
Most common type of cancer
Two types: Melanoma and nonmelanoma
Avoid UV light and tanning beds
Wear sunscreen SPF 15 or higher
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10. Types of Cancer (cont.) Uterine, Ovarian, and Cervical Cancer
Uterine: endometrial most common
Ovarian risk factors
Age, obesity, longer menstrual history, genetics, infertility, breast cancer
Cervical linked: human papillomavirus (HPV)
Other Cancers
Oral cancer
Affects lips, mouth, throat, and tongue
Associated with tobacco and alcohol use
Leukemia
Cancer of the blood
Pancreatic cancer
Fourth leading cause of cancer deaths
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11. U.S. Cancer Death Rates
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12. Detecting Skin Cancer Examine moles monthly using the ABCD rule
A: Assymetry (one half does not look like the other half)
B: Border (irregular, notched, or ragged)
C: Color (differing shades, patches)
D: Diameter (larger than 6mm, growing)
Not all skin cancers fit ABCD rule
Check moles/skin lesions regularly for any changes
Establish a baseline
Other Warning Signs
A sore that does not heal
New growth of any kind
Spread of pigment
Redness or swelling beyond the border
Change in sensation on the skin
Complete Lab 14.2: Early Detection
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13. Uncontrollable Cancer Risk Factors
Heredity
Having a close relative with diagnosed cancer increases risk three-fold
Learn your family's health history (blood relatives)
If hereditary risk exists, start screenings sooner and get screenings more often
Race
Blacks have higher overall cancer rates than whites, death rates have been declining
Increased awareness and early detection is critical
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14. U.S. Cancer Risk—Racial Diversity
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15. Controllable Cancer Risk Factors
Diet
Most important behavioral factor
Avoid high-fat, salt-cured, smoked, and nitrite-cured foods
Eat foods rich in high-fiber and antioxidants (vitamins A, E, and C)
Alcohol Use
Moderate drinking increases risk for some cancers
Eliminate/limit both frequency and amount
Tobacco Use
Single largest cause of cancer deaths
Risk: lifetime exposure to smoke, including second-hand
Stopping at any time decreases your risk
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16. Controllable Cancer Risk Factors (cont.)
Physical Inactivity
Regular exercise protects against cancer in multiple ways
strengthens immune system; helps maintain a healthy weight; positive effects on hormone levels; increases bowel motility
Exposure to Ultraviolet Light
Common UV sources are sunlight, tanning booths, sunlamps
Risk: cumulative exposure, not just occasional overexposure
Limit sun exposure, avoid tanning salons/wear sunscreen daily
Exposure to Viruses
Can invade cells/damaged DNA = blood, lymphatic, liver, cervical, nose, pharynx cancer
To avoid HPV/cervical cancer: abstain from sex, use condoms, limit number of partners
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17. Physical Fitness and Cancer Risk
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18. Controllable Cancer Risk Factors (cont.)
Radiation Exposure
Sources: medical X-rays, computer monitors, electric blankets, cell phones
Take precautions/avoid or limit exposure
Occupational Carcinogens
Sources: industrial chemicals, asbestos, coal tars, auto paints, herbicides, pesticides
Follow safety precautions/avoid exposure to industrial agents
Contact EPA with questions: chemical exposure/ information
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19. ABC News: Tanning Beds Discussion Questions
Play
Video
Discussion Questions
Why do you think some people become fixated on having a tan? In what ways do you think the media influence our society in terms of why many people feel the need to be tanned?
Were you surprised by the answers the tanning salon clerks gave when asked about the risk of tanning beds and cancer? Why or why not? In what ways do tanning beds increase your risk of skin cancer?
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20. ABC News: Tanning Beds cont
Play
Video
Discussion Questions
What do you know about vitamin D? Discuss the myth of getting vitamin D from tanning beds and what Dr. Oz suggests are the best ways to get it.
What alternatives can you think of to tanning in a tanning bed? What kinds of products are available today that offer safer ways to get a tan?
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21. ABC News: Mammogram Controversy
Play
Video
Discussion Questions
What is the controversy over when women should start getting mammograms? What dangers are posed for women on both sides of the debate?
What stances do breast cancer experts Susan Love and Marisa Weiss take in regard to new mammogram regulations? What pros and cons can you find on either side of the debate?
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22. ABC News: Treating Cancer with Bone Drugs
Play
Video
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23. ABC News: Possible Melanoma Treatment
Play
Video
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24. ABC News: Alcohol and Cancer
Play
Video
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25. Summary Cancer is the #2 cause of death in the United States
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Groups of abnormal cells can form a tumor, which can be classified as benign or malignant
Carcinogens are cancer-causing agents. Normal cells become cancerous when DNA becomes damaged by carcinogens, resulting in uncontrolled cell division
Common sites of cancer include the breasts, lungs, colon, prostate gland, cervix, testes, pancreas, and mouth
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26. Summary (cont.)
Heredity and race are non-modifiable risk factors for cancer
Modifiable behavioral risk factors for cancer include exposure to carcinogens (such as radiation, viruses, tobacco, alcohol, occupational carcinogens, and ultraviolet light), eating a low-fiber diet, and being physically inactive
Diet is probably the most important factor in controlling your risk of cancer
Exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer
Participation in cancer screenings is important for early detection of cancer
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.