1. Exam 3 Mini Review

2. What are transcription factors?
Proteins that regulate gene expression
What are the two types of factors? Positive and negative

3. What are the three types of point mutations?
Substitution, deletion, and insertion

4. What type of cell division do prokaryotes go through? And how?
Binary fission
Step 1: chromosomes duplicate
Step 2: parent cells split into two daughter cells

5. What are the 3 steps of cell division?
Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
Which of these can be broken down further?
Interphase and mitosis

6. What three things makeup the DNA structure?
Sugars, phosphates and bases

7. Describe what the Central Dogma is
DNARNAProtein

8. Does all DNA code for proteins? Justify your answer
No, some DNA is non coding
Coding DNA: exons
Non coding DNA: introns

9. Why would grapes have more DNA than humans? Are they more complex?
They have a lot of intron DNA, which does NOT get coded
We are superior

10. What section of mRNA gets coded? What helps “match” that code?
Codons
Anti-codons of tRNA

11. Explain the steps of interphase
Gap 1: grow
Synthesis: chromosomes duplicate
Gap 2: grow again and last minute check

12. What would happen if all of the telomere were worn off the end of DNA?
Cell death!
Why?
The telomere protects the DNA, which is what keeps a cell “alive”

13. What cells go through mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: somatic cells
Meiosis: sex cells (gametes)
Why is there a different process of cell division for both cell types?

14. What is cancer? Unregulated cell death How could it be unregulated?
Remember interphase!

15. Define/draw the following:
Chromosome before replication
Chromosome after replication
Centromere
Sister chromatids

16. What are the steps of mitosis?