1. Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry
Intro to Chemistry B
Chapter 9
Carbon Chemistry

2. 9.1 Carbon Compounds
Organic compounds=> Composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms that often times have other atoms attached like oxygen and nitrogen.
3,000,000 to 4,000,000 varieties.
90% of all compounds known are organic.
Most are man-made or ‘synthetic’.

3. Examples of organic compounds
Foodstuffs, proteins, carbohydrates
Fuels -some explosives
Greases & oils -fertilizers
Antibiotics & vitamins -insecticides
Perfumes & flavors -pesticides
Fabrics -Cosmetics
Paints & varnishes Soaps and
Plastics detergents
Dyes & pigments

4. Forms of Carbon Diamond Graphite Fullerenes
Cutting, grinding and drilling tools are coated.
All C atoms linked by covalent bonds.
Bonds connect each C atom with 4 others.
All those covalent bonds having to be broken.
Graphite
Extremely soft and slippery.
Lubricant for moving metal parts.
Pencil lead mix of graphite & clay
Fullerenes
Hollow structures of C.
Used in medicine and other structures.

5. Saturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon=> A organic compound that contains only C and H atoms.
In saturated compounds, all bonds are ‘single’ bonds.
Saturated compounds also called ‘alkanes’.
All alkanes end with –ane.
The properties of alkanes depend on the number of carbon atoms and how they are arranged.

6. Straight chain alkanes
See Figure 4, p.264
Methane, Propane, Pentane, Octane
Branched chains
Isomers=> Cmpds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas.
Example: Butane & isobutane
Different structures affect properties
Butane -0.5oC & Isobutane -11.7oC
The more C atoms, the more possible isomers.

7. Rings Simply a chain of carbon atoms linked together at the ends.
Most ring alkanes have 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
The prefix cyclo- is used in front of the name.
Examples:
cyclobutane
cyclopentane
cyclohexane

8. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that contain 1 or more double/triple bonds.
Three types unsaturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatic

9. Alkenes Alkynes Aromatics Have 1 or more C-C double bonds.
Names always end in –ene.
Alkynes
Straight or branch chained
Have 1 or more C-C triple bonds.
Names always end in –yne.
Ethyne = Acetylene
Used for welding
Aromatics
Alternating single & double bonds within a ring.
Name chosen because many of its compound give off strong aromas and odors.

10. Fossil fuels
Mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of plants & animals from millions of years ago.
3 types of fossil fuels
Coal
Solid form
Produced from ferns in swamps about 300 million years ago.
Natural gas
Remains of ancient marine organisms.
Methane, ethane, propane, butane
Found with deposits of coal and petroleum.
Petroleum
Liquid known as ‘crude oil’.
Broken down into simpler mixtures like gasoline & heating oil.

11. 9.3 Polymers
Polymer=> Large molecule that is formed when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds.
Monomer=> The little molecule that makes a polymer.
Analogy: Railroad cars that are linked together to form a long train. (Cars = Monomers; entire train = Polymer)