1. Volume 82, Issue 10, Pages 1105-1113 (November 2012)
Probenecid prevents acute tubular necrosis in a mouse model of aristolochic acid nephropathy 
Thomas E.R. Baudoux, Agnieszka A. Pozdzik, Volker M. Arlt, Eric G. De Prez, Marie-Hélène Antoine, Nathalie Quellard, Jean-Michel Goujon, Joëlle L. Nortier 
Kidney International 
Volume 82, Issue 10, Pages (November 2012)
DOI: /ki
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2. Figure 1
Schematic representation of experimental protocols performed in the mouse model of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). C57BL/6 male mice (n=96) were randomized in four groups of 24 mice each. Aristolochic acid (AA) (5mg/kg body weight) was injected once a day and probenecid (PBN) (150mg/kg body weight) twice a day. After 2, 4, 5, and 8 days of injection, six mice/group were killed and blood sample and kidneys were harvested for further analysis.
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3. Figure 2
Evolution of plasma creatinine levels. Plasma creatinine from aristolochic acid (AA) (white columns), AA+probenecid (PBN) (gray columns)-treated mice as compared with polyethylene glycol (PEG)+PBN (dashed columns), and PEG (dotted columns) controls from days 2 to 8. Results are presented as the mean±s.e.m.; n=6 mice per group (**P<0.01).
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4. Figure 3
Histological analysis of tubulointerstitial injury in aristolochic acid (AA)-treated mice compared with mice receiving AA+probenecid (PBN). Representative photomicrographs of renal cortex longitudinal sections at studied time points in each group. No lesions were observed in controls: (a–d) polyethylene glycol (PEG) and (e–h) PEG+PBN. (i–l) In the AA group, tubular necrosis (arrow) was observed at days 4 and 5 in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. (m–p) In the AA+PBN group, only sparse proximal tubules exhibited necrotic cells on day 4 (arrow), but lymphocytic infiltrate, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were absent on day 8. Original magnification × 400, hematoxylin–eosin-stained kidney longitudinal sections.
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5. Figure 4
Histological analysis of tubulointerstitial injury in aristolochic acid (AA)-treated mice compared with mice receiving AA+probenecid (PBN). Representative photomicrographs of renal cortex longitudinal sections at studied time points in each group. No lesions were observed in controls: (a–d) polyethylene glycol (PEG) and (e–h) PEG+PBN. (i–l) In the AA group, swelling of proximal tubular epithelial cells was observed after 2 days of injection ($), followed by tubular necrosis at days 4 and 5 (arrow). Tubular atrophy (star) and progressive interstitial fibrosis (arrowhead) were present after 8 days of injection. (m–p) In the AA+PBN group, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were absent on day 8. Original magnification × 400, Goldner's trichrome–stained kidney longitudinal sections.
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6. Figure 5
Semiquantitative tubulointerstitial score. In control groups (polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG+probenecid (PBN)), no lesions were observed (data not shown). However, a significant increase in the necrosis score was observed in the aristolochic acid (AA) group (white columns) as soon as day 4 and (a) was maximal on day 5 as compared with controls. Tubular necrosis phase was followed by the presence of (b) a significant lymphocytic infiltrate, (c) atrophy, and (d) fibrosis, respectively, on day 8. A significant reduction of necrosis, atrophy, and fibrosis was observed in the AA+PBN group (gray columns). Results are presented as the mean±s.e.m., n=6 mice per group. Significant levels are **P<0.01.
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7. Figure 6
Representative photomicrographs of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) staining in different groups and time. In control groups ((a, b) polyethylene glycol (PEG)), a NEP-positive staining was observed in medullary rays and in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. An identical distribution was observed in the PEG+probenecid (PBN) group (data not shown). (c, d) However, in the aristolochic acid (AA) group, a severe necrosis followed by a profound atrophy of proximal tubular epithelial cells was observed mainly in the NEP-positive area corresponding to the S3 segment of the proximal tubule. (e, f) In the AA+PBN group, necrosis was limited (original magnification: × 200).
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8. Figure 7
Time course of aristolochic acid (AA)-DNA adduct formation in renal tissue. Total AA-DNA adduct formation was determined by 32P-postlabeling in the AA (white columns) and AA+probenecid (PBN) groups (gray columns) in two separate experiments from 6 to 24h and from day 2 to day 8. As shown in (a), the pattern of AA-DNA adducts consisted of three major adduct spots: 7-(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)-aristolactam I (dA-AAI; spot 1); 7-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-aristolactam I (dG-AAI; spot 2); and 7-(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)-aristolactam II (dA-AAII; spot 3). (b) Results are presented as the mean±s.e.m. n=4 mice per group (6–24h) or n=6 (2–8 days) per group. Significant levels are *P<0.05 and **P<0.01.
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9. Figure 8
Representative photomicrographs of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining in different groups and time points with quantification. In control groups ((a–d) polyethylene glycol (PEG) and (e–h) PEG+probenecid (PBN)), only scattered PCNA-positive PTECs were observed as compared (i–l) with the aristolochic acid (AA) group where numerous PCNA-positive PTECs were present. (m–p) Coadministration of PBN and AA resulted in a substantial reduction of PCNA-positive PTECs on day 8 (original magnification: × 400). (q) Quantification of positive PCNA cells in AA (white columns), AA+PBN (gray columns), PEG+PBN (dashed columns), and PEG groups (dotted columns). Results are presented as the mean±s.e.m.; n=6 mice per group. Significant levels are *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
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10. Figure 9
Representative electron photomicrographs from different groups on day 8. Kidneys from (a) polyethylene glycol (PEG) (original magnification × 3000) and (b) PEG+probenecid (PBN) (original magnification × 5000) groups: proximal tubules (£) are lined by tall columnar cells with acidophilic cytoplasm rich in structures necessary for active fluid transport—densely packed microvilli forming brush border, basal undulations, endocytic vacuoles, and mitochondria, often elongated and tortuous. (c) In the aristolochic acid (AA) group (original magnification × 3000), proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) exhibited severe injury with the disruption of brush border and cell detachment ($). (d) In kidneys from the AA+PBN group (original magnification × 3000), PTECs displayed extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization without necrotic changes (**). (e) Kidneys from the AA group: (original magnification × 30,000) normal (£) and injured tubules were frequently admixed with injured nephron showing extensive mitochondria disruption (arrow head) and altered brush borders. (f) The AA+PBN group (original magnification × 30,000) displayed mitochondria vacuolization (arrow head).
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11. Figure 10
Quantitative analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. Twenty nonoverlapping high-power fields were photographed per section at an original magnification of × 400. Identical imaging conditions, including illumination intensity and camera exposure time, were applied to all photographs. A blank-field image was used to correct uneven illumination and color balance with the calculator Plus plugin. Then, brown-colored images specific for DAB stain and blue-colored images specific for hematoxylin stain were extracted by color deconvolution plug-in. Nuclei generated from DAB images were isolated using specific threshold ImageJ internal commands followed by conversion to a binary image. DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine.
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