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“Man is the most insane species
“Man is the most insane species. He worships an invisible God and destroys a visible Nature. Unaware that this Nature he’s destroying is this God he’s worshipping.” — Hubert Reeves Plant Diversity I Chapter 29
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Introduction to Plants
Multicellular, __________, photosynthetic autotrophs Cell walls made of cellulose More than 290,000 species described Plants colonized land ~ _____________________ Evolved from green algae (Charophytes) Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins Structure of flagellated sperm Formation of phragmoplast Peroxisome enzymes
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Derived Traits of Land Plants
Alteration of generations Multicellular, dependent embryos Spores with protective walls _______________________ (organs that produce gametes) Apical meristem
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Alteration of Generation
Life cycle alternates between multicellular haploid _______________ and multicellular diploid _____________ Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis Two gametes unite to form diploid zygote Zygote develops into multicellular Sporophyte Sporophyte produces unicellular haploid spore by meiosis Spores develop into multicellular haploid Gametophyte 1. 5. 2. 4. 3.
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Multicellular, Dependent Embryos
Diploid embryo _______ within tissue of female gametophyte Embryophytes Nutrients are transferred from parental tissues to embryo through specialized __________ ________________ Embryo Maternal tissue
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Spores with Protective Walls
Sporangia: multicellular, spore producing organs on sporophyte Sporocytes Sporopollenin: polymer in walls of plant spores that makes them tough and resistant to harsh conditions
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Multicellular Gametangia
Gametangia: multicellular organs that produce gametes ______________ = female Produces single egg retained within archegonia _______________ = male Produces many sperm that are released into the environment
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Apical Meristem Apical meristem: localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots Regions of plant growth
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Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
Vascular tissue: tubes made of cells that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant __________: water transport __________: nutrient transport Cuticle: waxy covering on the epidermis of many plant species ________: specialized pores that allow the exchange gases and between the outside air and the plant Phloem Xylem
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Plant Evolution Vascular tissue Flowers Seeds
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Plant Phyla (Divisions)
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Classification of Seedless Plants
Nonvascular, Seedless Plants Bryophyta Mosses Hepatophyta Liverworts Anthocerophyta Hornworts Vascular, Seedless plants Lycophyta Club mosses Psilophyta Whiskferns Spenophyta Horsetails Pterophyta Ferns
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Characteristics of Seedless, Non-vascular Plants
___________ generation dominant No ______________________ Rhizoids: tubular or filamentous cells that anchor the thallus _______: flat vegetative body lacking vascular tissue Flagellated sperm
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Phylum Hepatophyta Liverworts
Name refers to the liver shaped gametophyte Hepaticus = liver Gametophyte dominant No true leaves, roots or stems Rhizoids Two forms Leafy (80%) Thalloid (20%)
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Hepatophyta Reproduction
Sexual Sporophyte develops on female gametophyte Asexual _____________ Sporophyte
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Phylum Bryophyta Mosses Gametophyte dominant
No true leave, roots, or stems Lack vascular tissue Traits similar to more derived plants Stomata Cuticle
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Bryophyte Life Cycle Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
____________: one-cell thick filaments grown from germinated moss spore Mature gametophyte grows from protonema Sporophyte __________ on female gametophyte Foot Seta Capsule Peristome Asexual Reproduction Brood bodies
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Ecological Importance of Bryophytes
Colonize harsh environments Adaptations for harsh conditions ______________ UV exposure Symbiotic relationship with Cyanobacteria Nitrogen fixation Peet moss used as fuel source Phenolic compounds Carbon sink
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Phylum Anthocerophyta
Hornworts Gametophyte dominant No true leave, roots, or stems Lack vascular tissue Traits similar to more derived plants _________ Sporophyte _________ Symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria
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Characteristics of Seedless, Vascular Plants
Diverged ~ 450 mya (Ordovician) _________ generation dominant Formation of vascular tissue Xylem (water) Phloem (nutrients) ______: polymer that strengthens the cell walls of water-conducting cells True leaves, roots and stems Have _______________ Sperm with flagella
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Types of Sporangia Some seedless vascular plants
All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants
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Phylum Lycophyta Club mosses, Spike mosses, and Quillworts
Sporophyte generation dominant True leaves _____________: leaves with single strand of vascular tissue Sporophylls: leaves that bear sporangia __________: cone-like structure formed by clusters of sporophylls True stems and roots Vascular tissue Homosporous and Heterosporous Microphyll Stobili
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Phylum Pteropyta (Monilophyta)
Ferns Sporophyte generation is dominant __________: large leaves with branched vascular tissue Fronds Homosporous ___: clusters of sporangia located on the underside of sporophyllls True leaves, roots, and stems Branching roots Fiddleheads Sori
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Life Cycle of Pterophyta
Homosporous Bisexual gametophyte _______________
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Phylum Sphenophyta (Monilophyta)
Horsetails Homosporous True roots True leaves ___________ True stems Silica Strobili Strobilus Microphylls
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Phylum Psilophyta (Monilophyta)
Whisk ferns Homosporous ___________ roots and leaves Rhizoids Sporangia Spores
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Check You Understanding
True or False: Gametophytes are typically unicellular and sporophytes are typically multicellular True of False: Xylem transports water and the phloem transports nutrients True or False: Some seed plants develop from a bisexual gametophyte
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Check You Understanding
Which of the following are not one of the derived characteristics of land plants? a. Spores with protective walls b. Apical meristem c. Chlorophyll A and B d. Multicellular, dependent embryos e. Alternation of generation
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Check You Understanding
In which of the following plant phyla is the sporophyte generation the dominant generation? a. Sphenophyta b. Lycophyta c. Pterophyta d. Anthocerophyta e. More than one of the above
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