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Reviewing the Periodic Table Regions

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2 Reviewing the Periodic Table Regions
Representative elements: Groups 1A – 8A (filling s and p orbitals) Transition metals: Center of the table (filling d orbitals) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

3 Reviewing the Periodic Table Regions
Lanthanides and Actinides: Listed separately, on the bottom of the table (filling 4f and 5f orbitals) Metalloids: Separate metals from nonmetals Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

4 The Atomic Radii of Some Representative Elements (in Picometers)

5 Which should be the larger atom? Why? Na Cl
CONCEPT CHECK! Which should be the larger atom? Why? Na Cl Na should be the larger atom because the electrons are not bound as tightly due to a smaller effective nuclear charge. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

6 Which should be the larger atom? Why? Li Cs
CONCEPT CHECK! Which should be the larger atom? Why? Li Cs Cs should be the larger atom because of the increase in orbital sizes in successive principal quantum levels (to accommodate more electrons).

7 Distribution of the 18 Most Abundant Elements
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8 Abundance of Elements in the Human Body
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

9 Alkali Metals: Sources and Methods of Preparation
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

10 Group 1A Oxides Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

11 Na2O2(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2O2(aq) EXERCISE!
Predict the products formed by the following reactants: Na2O2(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2O2(aq) NaOH(aq) + H2O2(aq) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

12 Hydrides Binary compounds containing hydrogen: Ionic hydrides:
hydrogen + the most active metals (eg; LiH, CaH2) Covalent hydrides: hydrogen + other nonmetals (eg; H2O, CH4, NH3) Metallic (interstitial) hydrides: transition metal crystals treated with H2 gas Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

13 LiH(s) + H2O(l) → H2(g) + LiOH(aq) EXERCISE!
Predict the products formed by the following reactants: LiH(s) + H2O(l) → H2(g) + LiOH(aq) H2(g) + LiOH(aq) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

14 Alkaline Earth Metals Very reactive Great practical importance:
Human life (Ca and Mg) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

15 Selected Reactions of Group 2A Elements
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16 Ion Exchange Ca2+ and Mg2+ are often removed during ion exchange, releasing Na+ into solution. Ion exchange resin – large molecules that have many ionic sites. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

17 A Schematic Representation of a Typical Cation Exchange Resin
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

18 Group 3A elements generally show the increase in metallic character in going down the group that is characteristic of the representative elements. B, Al, Ga, In, Tl Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

19 Some Physical Properties, Sources, and Methods of Preparation
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20 Some Important Reactions
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21 Can form four covalent bonds to nonmetals. CH4, SiF4, GeBr4
Contains two of the most important elements on earth: carbon and silicon. Can form four covalent bonds to nonmetals. CH4, SiF4, GeBr4 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

22 Some Physical Properties, Sources, and Methods of Preparation
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

23 Some Important Reactions
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24 Exhibits varied chemical properties. N, P, As, Sb, Bi
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

25 Some Physical Properties, Sources, and Methods of Preparation
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26 Nitrogen The great stability of the NΞN bond means that most binary compounds containing nitrogen decompose exothermically to the elements. NO2(g) ½N2(g) + O2(g) ΔH° = –34 kJ N2H4(g) N2(g) + 2H2(g) ΔH° = –95 kJ Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

27 Nitrogen Fixation The process of transforming N2 to other nitrogen–containing compounds. The Haber Process: N2(g) + 3H2(g) NH3(g) ΔH° = –92 kJ Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

28 The Nitrogen Cycle Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

29 Nitrogen Hydrides Ammonia, NH3 Fertilizers Hydrazine, N2H4
Rocket propellant, manufacture of plastics, agricultural pesticides Monomethylhydrazine, N2H3(CH3) Rocket fuels Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

30 Nitrogen Oxides Compound Oxidation State of N
Nitrogen in its oxides has oxidation states from +1 to +5. In other compounds, nitrogen could have oxidation states of -1 to -3. Compound Oxidation State of N N 2 O +1 NO +2 3 +3 +4 HNO +5

31 Nitrogen Oxyacids Nitric acid, HNO3 Nitrous acid, HNO2
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

32 The Ostwald Process Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

33 Allotropes of Phosphorus
White Phosphorus = P4 (tetrahedral) - very reactive Black Phosphorus = crystalline structure - much less reactive Red Phosphorus = amorphous with P4 chains Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

34 Allotropes of Phosphorus
a) Pwhite b) Pblack c) Pred Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

35 Phosphorus Oxyacids Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 Phosphorous acid, H3PO3
Hypophosphorous acid, H3PO2 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

36 Can form covalent bonds with other nonmetals.
O, S, Se, Te, Po Although in Group 6A there is the usual tendency for metallic properties to increase going down the group, none of the Group 6A elements behaves as a typical metal. Can form covalent bonds with other nonmetals. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

37 Some Physical Properties, Sources, and Methods of Preparation
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

38 Oxygen O2 makes up 21% of the Earth’s atmosphere.
O3 (ozone) exists naturally in the upper atmosphere of the Earth. Ozone layer absorbs UV light and acts as a screen to prevent this radiation from penetrating to the Earth’s surface. Scientists have become concerned that Freons and nitrogen dioxide are promoting the destruction of the ozone layer. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

39 Ozone

40 Sulfur is found in nature both in large deposits of the free element and in ores such as galena, cinnabar, pyrite, gypsum, epsomite, and glauberite. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

41 Frasch Process Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

42 Aggregates of Sulfur Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

43 Sulfur Oxide Reactions
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq) SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

44 Halogens All nonmetals: F, Cl, Br, I, At
Because of their high reactivities, the halogens are not found as free elements in nature. They are found as halide ions (X–) in various minerals and in seawater. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

45 Trends in Selected Physical Properties
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46 Some Physical Properties, Sources, and Methods of Preparation
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

47 Preparation of Hydrogen Halides
H2(g) + X2(g) HX(g) When dissolved in water, the hydrogen halides behave as acids, and all except hydrogen fluoride are completely dissociated. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

48 Halogen Oxyacids and Oxyanions
All halogens except fluorine combine with various numbers of oxygen atoms to form a series of oxyacids. The strengths of these acids vary in direct proportion to the number of oxygen atoms attached to the halogen, with the acid strength increasing as more oxygens are added. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

49 The Known Oxyacids of the Halogens
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

50 Noble Gases Filled s and p valence orbitals
He and Ne form no compounds. Kr and Xe have been observed to form chemical compounds: Xe(g) + 2F2(g) XeF4(s) [6 atm, 400°C] XeF6(s) + 3H2O(l) XeO3(aq) + 6HF(aq) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

51 Selected Properties Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

52 Which of the following groups is the most reactive? Group 1A Elements
CONCEPT CHECK! Which of the following groups is the most reactive? Group 1A Elements Group 5A Elements Group 6A Elements Group 8A Elements The correct answer is “a”. The Group 1A elements, alkali metals, are very reactive. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

53 CONCEPT CHECK! Which of the following groups does not contain at least one element that forms compounds with oxygen? Group 4A Elements Group 5A Elements Group 6A Elements Group 7A Elements All of these groups contain at least one element that forms compounds with oxygen. The correct answer is “e”. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

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