1. Forensic Anthropology –
Human Remains –A & P
Forensic Anthropology –
a type of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the human skeletal system for purposes of identifying unknown remains.

2. Answer many questions:
Human?
One or many individuals?
When did death occur?
Moved after death?
Gender, age and race of individual?
Cause of death?
Type of death: homicide, suicide, ect
Injuries, disease
Height, body weight and physiques can be estimated
Facial features can be reconstructed

3. Terms Algor mortis – the cooling of the body temperature after death
Livor mortis – a purple or red discoloration caused by pooling of blood after death.
Rigor mortis – stiffness in the muscles that occurs shortly after death.

4. Osteology – study of bones
Osteons – structures in bones that carry the blood supply
Adult human has 206 bones, younger has more and vary in number. 12 set of ribs, 24 total

5. Bones Skull 22 bones Ear 6 bones Thoracic cage 25 bones
Total bones
Ribs 12 pair (24 total)
True ribs – first 7 pair join directly to the sternum
False ribs – remaining 5 pair, do not reach the sternum directly. 3 pair join the 7th rib.
Floating ribs – last 2 do not attach to the sternum at all

6. Diaphysis – shaft of the bone
Epiphyses - growth plate of bone
(both ends of the bone)

7. Long bones: Also used in determining height
Femur – long bone found in the leg extending from the hip to the knee
Tibia – long bone found in the leg extending from the knee to the ankle
Humerus – long bone found in the arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow
Radius – long bone found in the arm extending form the elbow to the wrist

9. Sex Determination Pelvis region:
Pubis, sacrum and ilium of the pelvis are the bones that have the most obvious differences between men and women.
Three major differences:
Width of the pubic arch –larger angle in the female
The width of the pubic body – narrower in males
Existence of a ventral arch – males do not have this
Ventral arc – a bony ridge that is formed on the ventral (lower) side of the female os pubis

10. 1- male female

11. Pelvis

12. Skull features – 22 bones in skull
Frontal – forehead
Nasal – nose
Oral – mouth
Orbital – eye cavity
Otic – ear

13. Lateral view

14. Sutures – immovable joints where bones are joined together
Sutures – immovable joints where bones are joined together. They are visible as seams on the surface (seen on the skull)
Symphysis –a place where two bones meet and may rub together. Ex: two hip bones come together in front, as a person ages.

15. Supine – body laying face up
Prone – body laying face down
Anatomical position – head forward, feet shoulder width apart, palms of hands forward, arms down.

16. Body Regions and Terms:
Superficial – near the surface.
Deep – parts that are more internal.

17. Sagittal plane – divides the body down the median plane from left to right.
Transverse plane – divides the body horizontal from top to bottom (superior to inferior)
Coronal plane – divides the body down the frontal plane from front to back (frontal to dorsal)

18. Superior – above, closer to head
Inferior – below or toward the feet.
Anterior – (ventral) toward the front
Posterior (dorsal) opposite of anterior, toward the back
Medial – midline of the body, dividing the body into equal right and left halves.
Lateral – to the side of the midline

19. Proximal – closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body.
Distal – opposite of proximal, farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk.