1. PROTEINS Polymers (long chains) of AMINO ACIDS
arranged in specific sequence
linked by PEPTIDE BONDS
range in length from a
few to 1000+

2. AMINO ACIDS building blocks of proteins
there are 20 common amino acids
structure of an amino acid:
elements included in a
protein:
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-sulfur (usually)

3. Amino acids are linked together
to form PEPTIDE BONDS

4. PROTEIN STRUCTURE
a protein’s function depends on its specific 3-D shape

6. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids.
The tertiary structure is the folding and overall 3-D structure of the protein.
Quatenary structure refers to a protein made of many protein sub-units, creating a larger protein complex.
The secondary structure is the helix or sheeting through hydrogen bonds.

7. Protein Shape: determined by environmental conditions
DENATURATION: protein loses its natural shape, and therefore loses its function! This can be caused by:
extreme heat
pH changes

8. HEAT

9. Functions of Proteins structural support (e.g. hair, nails)
signaling (e.g. hormones)

10. Functions of Proteins • movement (contraction of muscles)
transporting oxygen in the
blood

11. Functions of Proteins • defense (antibodies of immune system)
catalysis of reactions (ENZYMES)

12. Nucleic Acids nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
Two types of nucleic acids:
DNA
RNA

13. Structure of Nucleic Acids
polymers made up of monomers called NUCLEOTIDES
Elements present:
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus

14. each nucleotide consists
of:
1. a simple sugar
-deoxyribose in DNA
-ribose in RNA
2.   phosphate group
3.   a base (e.g. in DNA, the bases are A, G, C, and T)

15. results in a “backbone” with a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate...
…and the ‘steps’ of the ladder are formed by the paired nitrogen bases

16. 1. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
forms the genetic code - the instructions for the proteins (amino acid sequences) of an organisms’ proteins
is copied and passed
from one generation
of cells to another

17. 2. RNA = Ribonucleic acid functions in the actual
synthesis of proteins
coded for by DNA