1. Introduction of Leibniz
Hans

2. Life July 1, 1646 born in Leipzig Enrolled in University of Leipzig
Bachelor’s degree in philosophy
master’s degree in philosophy
bachelor’s degree in law
enrolled in University of Altdorf
doctorate in law
November 11, breakthrough of calculus
Published first paper of calculus
Published Theodicy
Published Monadology
Leibniz( )

3. Caculus Invented independently by Leibniz and Newton
Leibniz-Newton controversy
Royal Society set up a committee
Report written by Newton
Notation integral sign ∫ and differential sign d

4. Monadology（《单子论》）
elementary particles and the ultimate elements of the universe
Eternal
Indecomposable
Individual
subjected to their own laws
un-interacting
each reflecting the entire universe in a pre-established harmony
The first manuscript page of the Monadology

5. Theodicy（《神义论》）
“the universe that God chose to exist is the best of all possible worlds”
“Theodicy”=“theos” (god)+“dik-”(justice)
human beings are imperfect
correct erroneous decisions
Théodicée title page from a 1734 version