1. Bioreactors Engineering
Course Outline
Basics of Cell Biology and Biochemistry
Enzymes
Enzyme kinetics
Immobilized enzymes
Fermentation and Cell Culture
Cell Growth ; Batch Growth Kinetics
Product formation kinetics; Nutrient limitation
Ideal Chemostat; Modeling approaches.
Design and Analysis of Bioreactors
Suspension bioreactors
Immobilized cell bioreactors
Scale-Up and Optimization of Bioreactors
Oxygen Mass Transfer; Mixing; Sterilization
Instrumentation and Control

2. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction
How Enzymes work
Enzyme Kinetics
Introduction
Simple Enzyme kinetic
Steady state assumptions
Michel menten kinetic model
Models for more complex enzyme kinetic
Effect of temp and pH
Intsoluble substrate
Immoblized enzyme system
Large scale production of enzymes
Summary
Problems

3. and other storage materials (fats, glycogen).
Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction
Living cells are composed of high-molecular weight polymeric compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids
and other storage materials (fats, glycogen).

4. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction
A typical bacterial cell wall contains polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids; cell cytoplasm contains protein mostly in the form of enzymes.
In Eukaryotes, the cell nucleus contains nucleic acids mostly in the form of DNA.
In addition to these biopolymers, cell contain other metabolites
in the form of inorganic salts ( ), metabolic intermediates ( acetate) and vitamins.
The elemental composition of a typical bacterial cell is;
50 % Carbon
20 % Oxygen
14 % Nitrogen
8 % Hydrogen
3 % Phosphorus
1 % Sulfur
with small amount of and vitamins

5. Bioreactors Engineering
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A BACTERIAL CELL v v
Cell Wall
protects the cell and gives shape, made up of polysaccharides

6. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction
Enzymes

7. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction
Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules in living cells, constituting 40 % to
80 % of their dry weight.
Proteins are polymers built from amino acid monomers.
Proteins typical have molecular weights of 6000 to several hundred thousand.
The α- amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and contain at least one
carboxyl group and one α- amino group, but they are differ from each other in the
structure of their R groups or side chains.

8. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction
The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and
The carboxyl group on the right
R represents a side chain specific to each amino acid. The carbon atom next to the
carbonyl group is called the α–carbon and amino acids with a side chain bonded to
this carbon are referred to as α-amino acida.

9. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction
Amino acids are usually classified by the properties of their side chain into four groups. The side chain can make an amino acid a weak acid or a weak base, and a
hydrophile if the side chain is polar or a hydrophobe if it is nonpolar.

10. Proteins have different biological functions;
Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction
Proteins have different biological functions;
1. Structural proteins: Glycoproteins, Collagen, Keratin.
2. Catalytic proteins: Enzymes.
3. Transport proteins : Hemoglobin, serum, albumin.
4. Regulatory proteins : Hormones (insulin, growth hormone).
5. Protective proteins : antibodies, thrombin.

11. Bioreactors Engineering Enzymes
Introduction
Proteins have two major types of conformation;
1. Fibrous proteins and
2. Globular proteins

12. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction

13. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction

14. Amino acids have acidic ( ) and basic ( ) groups. The acidic
Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction
Amino acids have acidic ( ) and basic ( ) groups. The acidic
group is neutral at low pH ( ) and negatively charged at high pH
( ). At intermediate pH values, an amino acid has positively and
negatively charged groups, a dipolar molecule called a zwitterion.

15. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Introduction

16. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
The chemical structures of the twenty-one standard amino acids,

17. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes

18. Bioreactors Engineering
Enzymes
Ends of Proteins