1. Intelligence Should Intelligence be measured by IQ??
What Makes Us Smart IQ and Intelligence Documentary
10 People with the highest IQ’s in history

2. Origins of Intelligence Testing
a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

3. Origins of Intelligence Testing
Mental Age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

4. Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test
revised by Terman at Stanford University
Sample test questions

5. Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

6. What is Intelligence? Intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

7. What is Intelligence? Factor Analysis General Intelligence (g)
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g)
factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities
measured by every task on an intelligence test

8. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Savant Syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
computation
Drawing
Rain man
Savant Examples
Twin savants documentary (Kay and Flo)

9. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Intelligence controversy

10. Intelligence and Creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
expertise
imaginative thinking skills
venturesome personality
intrinsic motivation
creative environment

11. Brain Function and Intelligence
People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests
Stimulus
Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?

12. Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned

13. Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test
subtests
verbal
performance (nonverbal)

14. Picture completion What part is missing from this picture?
Figure Performance Items Similar to Those on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III-R)
Picture completion What part is missing from this picture?
Simulated items similar to those in the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Adults and Children. Copyright 1949, 1955, 1974, 1981, 1990 by The Psychological Corporation. Reproduced by permission. All rights reserved. "Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children" and "WISC-III" are registered trademarks of The Psychological Corporation.

15. Figure Performance Items Similar to Those on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III-R)
PICTURE ARRANGEMENT These pictures tell a story, but they are in the wrong order. Put them in the right order so that they tell a story.
Simulated items similar to those in the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Adults and Children. Copyright 1949, 1955, 1974, 1981, 1990 by The Psychological Corporation. Reproduced by permission. All rights reserved. "Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children" and "WISC-III" are registered trademarks of The Psychological Corporation.

16. BLOCK DESIGN Put the blocks together to make the picture on the right
Figure Performance Items Similar to Those on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III-R)
BLOCK DESIGN Put the blocks together to make the picture on the right
Simulated items similar to those in the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Adults and Children. Copyright 1949, 1955, 1974, 1981, 1990 by The Psychological Corporation. Reproduced by permission. All rights reserved. "Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children" and "WISC-III" are registered trademarks of The Psychological Corporation.

17. Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information
Similarities
Arithmetic Reasoning
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Digit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion
Picture Arrangement
Block Design
Object Assembly
Digit-Symbol Substitution

18. Assessing Intelligence
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

19. The Normal Curve

20. Getting Smarter?

21. Assessing Intelligence
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test
alternate forms of the test
retesting
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

22. Assessing Intelligence
Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion
behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity

23. Assessing Intelligence
Predictive Validity
success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
also called criterion-related validity

24. Assessing Intelligence
Greater correlation
over broad range
of body weights 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Little corre-
lation within
restricted
range
Football linemen’s
success
Body weight in pounds
As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes

25. The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)
a condition of limited mental ability
indicated by an intelligence score below 70
produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome
retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

26. The Dynamics of Intelligence
“Intellectual Disability”

27. Why Deficiencies?
Children with intellectual disabilities are deficient in metamemory
The knowledge of how their memory works
Children with intellectual disabilities also have deficiencies in metacognition
The knowledge of what strategies to apply, when to apply them, and how to deploy them in new situations so that new specific knowledge can be gained and different problems mastered
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

28. AUTISM
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disability; signs typically appear during early childhood and affect a person’s ability to communicate, and interact with others.
TED Talk

29. ASD

31. Things people with downs syndrome are tired of hearing…..
Down Syndrome
“Hey Jude…..”

33. Jude today….

34. Down Syndrome Markers:
Toe gap
Hyper-flexibility

35. What is Down Syndrome? Fast facts on Down syndrome
Here are some key points about Down syndrome. More detail and supporting information is in the main article.
Older women are more likely to give birth to children with Down syndrome.
Normally there are two copies of every chromosome. In Down syndrome, there are three copies, either complete or partial, of chromosome 21
The characteristics of Down syndrome include low muscle tone, short stature, flat nasal bridge, and a protruding tongue.
Individuals with Down syndrome have a higher risk of some diseases including Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy.
Screening tests can be used to estimate the risk that a fetus has Down syndrome.

36. Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia refers to difficulty in understanding the meaning of what one reads
May also have difficulty in sounding out and identifying written words
Dysphasia is difficulty with understanding spoken words or with recalling the words necessary for effective speech
Dysgraphia refers to problems with writing
Dyscalculia is a difficulty with arithmetic
Ted Talk #1
Ted Talk #2

37. Ted Talk Short Answer Question…..
Based on the Ted Talks you just viewed and the recent discussions in class, respond to the following prompt on a separate sheet of paper. Use examples to support your answer:
How SHOULD we define Intelligence and how do Learning and Intellectual Disabilities play a role in that definition? Explain/Justify your response.

38. ADD/ADHD
ADD (attention deficit disorder): ADHD is a common condition that affects children and adolescents, while ADD is more common in adults. ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder of children and is more common in boys than in girls. Children with ADHD generally have greater problems paying attention or concentrating. They can't seem to follow directions and are easily bored or frustrated with tasks. They also tend to move constantly and are impulsive, not stopping to think before they act.

39. Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

40. Genetic Influences Heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
variability depends on range of populations and environments studied

41. Genetic Influences

42. Environmental Influences
The Schooling Effect

43. Variation within group Difference within group
Group Differences
Group differences and environmental impact
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil
Fertile soil
Seeds

44. Group Differences The Mental Rotation Test Standard Responses
Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks
identical to the one in the circle at the left?
Standard
Responses

45. Group Differences Stereotype Threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype