1. Fun With Footnotes and Endnotes
AP LANGUAGE
Fun With Footnotes and Endnotes

2. Footnotes are at the FOOT (bottom!)
of the page.

3. Endnotes appear at the very end of a chapter, essay or book
Endnotes appear at the very end of a chapter, essay or book. Typically end notes are chosen over footnotes because they may be too numerous or too lengthy to put at the bottom of each page.

4. Footnotes/Endnotes and the AP Exam
One of the MC passages will have questions about footnotes.
Questions will ask about format and purpose. Authors often use footnotes to add information that the casual reader may not need or may wish to gloss over. These footnotes often identify sources, but they can also define terms, add facts or details, clarify confusion, or refer readers to additional resources.
Students need not have memorized any specific documentation format—whether MLA, Chicago, or APA—but they will have to know the elements that citations contain: what is the citation telling us about original date of publication, or original publication source, for example?

5. Footnote/Endnote Questions on AP Exam
Footnotes/Endnotes can:
Identify sources
Define Terms
Add facts or details
Clarify confusion
Refer readers to other sources for more information
READ FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES! Example on next page….

6. Footnote:
¹John F. Kasson, Civilizing the Machine: Technology and Republican Values in America 1776–1900 (New York: Grossman Publishers, The Viking Press, 1976), Chapter 4, “The Aesthetics of Machinery,” pp. 139–180.
²“Machine Tools at the Philadelphia Exhibition,” Engineering (26 May 1876), p. 427, cited by Kasson, see note 1 above.
3“The International Exhibition of 1876,” Scientific American Supplement (17 June 1876), p. 386, cited by Kasson, see note 1 above.
QUESTION
48. Which of the following is an accurate reading of footnote 2?
(a) An article by John F. Kasson appears on page 427 of Engineering.
(b) “Machine Tools at the Philadelphia Exhibition” was published in New York.
(c) The article “Engineering” can be found on page 427 of “Machine Tools at the Philadelphia Exhibition.”
(d) “Machine Tools at the Philadelphia Exhibition” is an article published in the May 26, 1876, issue of Engineering.
(e) Engineering is an article cited by John F. Kasson.

7. Correct Answer:
(d) “Machine Tools at the Philadelphia Exhibition” is an article published in the May 26, 1876, issue of Engineering.

8. The Uses of Footnotes/Endnotes
Identify sources
Define Terms
Add facts or details
Clarify confusion
Refer reader to other resources

9. The Uses of Footnotes: Identify Sources
Every Place a Citation Would Appear – avoids plagiarism
Example: Text: “Dan Rather scored 10.46—which translates to an almost perfectly neutral expression—when he talked about Mondale, and when he talked about Reagan.”
Footnote: Brian Mullen et al., “Newscasters’ facial expressions and voting behavior of viewers: Can a smile elect a President?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1986), vol. 51, pp
Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Little, Brown, Print.

10. The Uses of Footnotes: Define Terms
Example: Text: “A patient’s physician may choose to disassociate from -- or may be “deselected” from -- the only plan the patient can obtain through his or her employer.”
Footnote: “Deselection, also referred to as decertification, occurs when a managed care organization decides to drop a physician from its provider list. See id.; see also Peter B. Jurgeleit " Kathy L. Cerminara, Eliciting Patient Preferences in Today’s Health Care System, 4 Psychol., Pub. Pol’y & Law 688, 694 n.54 (1998).

11. The Uses of Footnotes: Add Facts/Details
Example: Text: “It [Blenheim Palace] contained three hundred rooms and sprawled over seven acres.”
Footnote: In a large house, room numbers are generally notional. It depends on the extent to which you count storerooms, closets, and the like as separate rooms (and also no doubt how carefully one counts). The published numbers for the total rooms at Blenheim range from 187 to 320—quite a disparity.
Bryson, Bill. At Home: a Short History of Private Life. New York: Doubleday, Print.

12. The Uses of Footnotes: Clarify Confusion
Example: Text: “[. . .] the door at Westminster Abbey was made from the wood of a tree that was felled between 1032 and 1064, just before the Norman conquest, so at the very end of the Anglo-Saxon period. And that solitary door is very nearly all that has survived.”
Footnote: The low doors of so many European houses, on which those of us who are absent-minded tend to crack our heads, are low not because people were shorter and required less headroom in former times, as is commonly supposed. People in the distant past were not in fact all that small. Doors were small for the same reason windows were small: they were expensive.
Bryson, Bill. At Home: a Short History of Private Life. New York: Doubleday, Print.

13. What is the Specific Structure for MC Answers???
There will always be…
Completely WRONG Answer
Kinda WRONG Answers
Kinda Right Answer
RIGHT Answer for the question asked
But NOT necessarily in this order!!!

14. FOOTNOTE QUESTION STEMS
How does the footnote _______help the reader better understand the passage?
The purpose of footnote____ is to______.
_________ footnote functions to ________.
Which of the following is an accurate reading of footnote_____?
The purpose of footnote ____ is to inform the reader that the quotation in line ___....
Taken as a whole, the footnotes suggest…
The abbreviation _____ in footnote_____ serves to let the reader know that….
Why does the author include footnote_____?