1. The Establishment
Supplementary Notes

2. A New Nation Americans debate Republicanism
Many believed that a democracy placed too much power in the hands of the uneducated masses
Favored a Republic-government of elected representatives

3. A New Nation A Nation of Individual States
Each colony ratified state constitutions
As colonies became states they remained reluctant to unite under a strong central government
The challenged was to develop a government that balanced the interests of several states with those of the whole nation.

4. Articles of the Confederation
Articles of Confederation-a new type of government in which two levels of government shared power. States were supreme in some matters, National government was supreme in others.
Unicameral – single chamber congress (like our Senate today)
Each state elected one representative

5. Federal vs. State Powers
Federal Government Powers
Make War and Peace
Borrow Money
Set standards for coins, weights, and measures
Deal with Indian Disputes
Powers that states had:
Make war and peace
Send and receive ambassadors
Enter into treaties
Raise and equip an army and navy
Fix standard measurements
Regulate Indian affairs
Establish post offices
Decide disputes among states.

6. Articles of the Confederation
Weakness
Could not levy taxes
Could not regulate trade
Could not enforce laws it made
9 of 13 needed approval to make a law
all 13 states had to agree to amend the articles
no executive branch
no national courts – state courts interpreted laws

7. Articles of the Confederation
Problems that Arose
Could not pay revolutionary war veterans
Shay’s Rebellion
Farmers were charged tariffs to sell goods across state lines
These tariffs made it impossible for farmers to make a profit
If farmers could not pay their debt they were jailed
Daniel Shays, a former revolutionary war veteran and a farmer, wanted to siege Boston and force the government to help them.

8. Fixing the Articles
The congressional congress met to revise the Articles of the Confederacy
Then they decided to scrap the articles and start over
3 People Presided over the Constitutional Convention
Benjamin Franklin – 81 years old and played an active role in the debates over the constitution
George Washington – presided over the meeting
James Madison – known as the “Father of the Constitution” – because he was the author of the basic plan of government

10. The Philadelphia Miracle
Drafting the American Constitution
The Philadelphia Miracle

11. Key Conflicts Strong Central Government vs. Strong States
Large States Vs. Small States
North vs. South

12. Decisions and Compromises
Virginia Plan
Two houses – an upper and lower house based on population
Lower elected by the people
Upper elected by the lower
Executive branch chosen by legislature
Judiciary chosen by the legislature

13. Decisions and Compromises
The New Jersey Plan
One house – with one delegate from each state
Weak executive elected by legislature
Congress would have power to tax and regulate trade

14. Decisions and Compromises
Connecticut Compromise
House of Representatives – based on population
All spending and taxes start in this house
House is elected by the people
Senate
2 members from each state
Senate is elected by the states legislatures
(This was changed with the 17th amendment)
Amendments = Changes to the Constitution
Executive
Elected by the electoral college

15. Decisions and Compromises
Three-Fifth’s Compromise
3/5 of the slaves in the south would be counted for taxing and population purposes

16. Federalist vs. Antifederalist
After the Constitution had been drafted it needed to be approved, ratified, by 9 of the 13 states.
Ratification bypassed the state legislatures by allowing for each state’s citizens to elect members to constitutional convention to accept or reject the constitution
Federalist vs. Antifederalists emerged

17. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Positions
Strong Federal Government
Bill of Rights not necessary
Limit State Power to the Senate
Large Farmers, Merchants, Skilled Laborers
Strong State Governments
Bill of Rights is essential
Supported strong power and influence of the state government
Small Farmers, often from rural areas

18. A New Country George Washington was chosen to be President
22 Senators and 59 representatives elected
And 10 Amendments were drafted and ratified – the Bill of Rights – the 1st ten amendments

19. The Beginning of Politics
Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson
Great Thinkers, different political ideas
Led to bitter disagreements

20. Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
Concentrate Power in Federal Government
Fear of mob rule
Loose interpretation of the Constitution
Republic led by the well-educated elite
Supporters: merchants, manufacturers, landowners, investors, lawyers, etc.
Share Power with State and Local Gov’ts, limit the national government
Fear of absolute power of ruler
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Democracy of Virtuous farmers and tradespeople
Supporters: the “plain people” Farmers, laborers, etc.

21. Enumerated Powers
Reserved Powers
Those powers or rights that are explicitly listed (enumerated) in the Constitution.
The Powers that are not specifically listed in the Constitution as powers of the United States Government are reserved for the States

22. The Beginning of Politics
President Washington tried to remain above the arguments between Hamilton and Jefferson.
He encouraged them to work together despite their basic differences
However, their differences were so great they began to pull others to each side.
Their conflict divided the President’s cabinet and fueled a growing division in National Politics

23. The First Political Parties
The split in Washington’s Cabinet helped give rise to the country’s first political parties.
The two parties formed around one of the Key issues in American History
How big and powerful should the federal government in relation to the state and local government

24. Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans
Those who supported Hamilton’s vision of a strong central central government called themselves Federalists
Those who supported Jefferson’s vision of strong state governments called themselves Democratic-Republicans

26. Midnight Judges Election of 1800 John Marshal – Supreme Court Justice
Adams, knowing the Federalists were losing, created 16 Judiciary seats and appointed 16 new judges at midnight before he left office
John Marshal – Supreme Court Justice
Marbury v. Madison (1803) – gave the Supreme Court the right of Judicial Review

27. Hamilton Duels Burr Hamilton insults Burr
“a dangerous man, and one who ought not to be trusted with the reins of government”
Hamilton’s honor compelled him to a duel
He intentionally lost
Burr kills Hamilton

28. The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration

29. The West in 1800 Many Americans traveled west to get their own land
“West” during this time was the area west of the Appalachian and east of the Mississippi
It was very important to the people of America that they be able to use the Mississippi River

30. Napoleon and New Orleans
French & Indian War
France lost New Orleans to the Spanish
Spain closed New Orleans to the Americans
America angry
Spain secretly gives New Orleans back to the French
America offers to purchase New Orleans to avoid war
France answers back with a bigger offer . . .

31. The Louisiana Purchase
France was in a very expensive war with Great Britain
Napoleon needed money to fuel the war
Jefferson’s Dilemma
Jefferson who believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution
Remember his debates with Hamilton?
The offer was too good to pass up
Jefferson purchases the Lousiana Territory for 15 million dollars
That 3 cents an acre

32. The Louisiana Purchase

33. Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corp of Discovery)
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
These two men were instructed to keep detailed journals of their expedition
Purpose: Scientific Discovery
Sacajawea
Key Native American guide on the journey