1. The Federalist Era: George Washington’s Presidency

2. The Rise of Political Parties
Political Parties – groups of people with similar political views
During the ratification fight, 2 different groups emerged, Federalists and Anti-Federalists
Washington chose members of both parties to serve with him
Was a strong figure that unified both parties
Neither side wanted to be against Washington

3. The Rise of Political Parties
Democratic-Republicans-
originally opposed the Constitution, favored strong state government
Thomas Jefferson
Federalists – favored the Constitution, and a strong central government
Alexander Hamilton

4. 1st President Video Elected in 1789
Only president ever to be elected unanimously
Runner up was John Adams, became VP

5. Executive Departments
Congress created three executive departments and Washington got to choose the heads of those depts.
Washington began meeting regularly with the heads of the departments
For advice and assistance
First Cabinet

6. Washington’s Cabinet The First Presidential Cabinet
Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of War – Henry Knox
Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton
Attorney General- Edmund Randolph

7. Edmund Randolph – 1st Attorney General
Judicial Branch
Judiciary Act of 1789 – created federal court system with 3 levels
Established District and Appellate Courts
Set the number of Supreme Court Justices at 6
Also created executive department of Justice and Attorney General
Edmund Randolph joined cabinet
Edmund Randolph – 1st Attorney General

8. Alexander Hamilton and US Financial Policy
1. Pay off foreign war debt immediately and in full
$11.7 Million (owed mostly to France)
Only way to create confidence in new nation

9. Alexander Hamilton and US Financial Policy
2. Buy back depreciated Revolutionary war bonds at face value
US owed $40 million to citizens in war bonds
Only way to establish trust in new nation
Government must do what it said it would
Jefferson opposed plan
Rewarded speculators at the expense of the poor

10. Alexander Hamilton and US Financial Policy
3. Assume State’s war debt
$25 million dollar debt
Would establish a federal line of credit
Tie all states to Federal Government
Establish support for Federal Government
Help national economy by freeing up states’ money

11. Alexander Hamilton and US Financial Policy
4. Create Bank of the United States
Bank for Government money and loans
20 year charter
Believed that the “necessary and proper” clause gave Congress power to charter Bank
Helped US consolidate its debt and pay its creditors
Offered stability to the US economy

12. The Washington Administration and the Entrenchment of Parties
Assumption highlighted the enduring struggle between the two parties
Both sides believed in a federal government but differed over what it should do
Hamilton believed in a vigorous executive empowered with credit to promote national strength and trade (Federalists)
Madison and Jefferson envisioned a government checked and balanced with minimal debt and low taxes to encourage agricultural development (Democratic-Republicans)
Assumption eventually passed with an agreement from both sides that the capital would be placed in Virginia

13. VS. Believed the US Economy should be based on the industry
Hamiltonians
Jeffersonian
Believed the US Economy should be based on the industry
Supported the idea of a national bank
Only the wealthy and educated should be involved in the government
Wanted a strong central government
High Tariffs
Federalist Party
Loose Interpretation of the Constitution
Believed that the US economy should be based on agriculture
Were against the idea of a national bank
Common people should have the right to vote and also be involved in the government
Argued that a strong state government would keep the central government in check
Low Tariff
Anti-federalist party
Strict interpretation of the Constitution.

14. Washington’s Domestic Policy The Whiskey Rebellion
Congress passed excise tax on American made Whiskey in 1791
To pay off national debt
Pennsylvania farmers who couldn’t pay the tax rebelled
Tarred and feathered
tax collectors
Skirmishes broke out
between rebels and
Federal officers
Shots fired
Rebels tarring and feathering a tax collector during the Whiskey Rebellion

15. Washington’s Domestic Policy The Whiskey Rebellion
Washington personally commanded nearly 13,000 troops to shut down the rebellion
Most Rebels fled without battle
Washington captured 20
First major show of Federal Authority, Force
Washington WOULD see that the laws were executed
set a precedent that U.S. citizens who wished to change the law had to do so peacefully through constitutional means

16. Hamilton Economic Plan- Acronym
Directions- Watch the video and fill in your graphic organizer on FASTEN. F A S T E N

17. Homework Check: Hamilton Economic PlanF
Fully fund the national debt As
Assume all state debt T
Tariff (protective)--- Did not pass E
Excise Tax N
National Bank

18. LEQ #1- How did the disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson lead to the creation of the first political parties?
Instructions- With your assigned cohort, read both letters and complete the guided questions inside your notebook to turn in for a grade.
Question
Textual Evidence
When were letters written? What do you predict that they will say? (Sourcing)
2. Why are H & T both writing to GW? What seems to be the problem? How can you tell? (Context)
3. Which letter is angrier? Find a quote and support your claim.
4. Write one adjective about each man personality and find a quote to support your claim.
5. Who do you believe started the fight? Based on what they wrote, who do you trust more: H or T? Why?

19. Foreign Issues French Revolution breaks out in 1789
Britain resumes fighting France
Spain still has New Orleans blocked
Directions- you will be given a foreign policy chart. With your table read the US Position, check the action YOU recommend and write a justification for why you choose this action. (10 minutes)

20. Washington’s Foreign Policy France
The French Revolution started in 1789
French uprising against monarchy of Louis XVI caused considerable violence and bloodshed
The noble ideas of liberty, freedom, and the rights of man which started the revolution would turn to fear and tyranny
Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans sided with the French and their push towards individual rights
"The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is natural manure." - Thomas Jefferson
Mob violence scared Hamilton, Federalists --Preferred the stability and order of Britain
The Decision-Neutrality Proclamation
Did not want to take sides in regards to French Revolution
Washington pursued a friendly and impartial conduct between the two nations

21. Washington’s Foreign Policy Britain
British still had not evacuated western forts
Were using them to supply Indians on raids against American settlers
Britain wanted to eliminate American Trade with the French
British capturing neutral American merchant ships in the French West Indies
Jay’s Treaty – Lets negotiate!!
Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to negotiate treaty with British
Both sides received some of their demands
British agreed to pay for seized ships, abandon frontier forts, and allow some Caribbean trade
American agreed to pay pre-revolutionary war debts to British merchants
British continued impressment of American sailors
Not incredibly helpful, but did prevent war with Britain

22. Washington’s Domestic Policy Northwest Territory
Americans continued to settle in the Ohio Country north of the Ohio River
British had ceded land to US after Rev. war
Indians rallied around Little Turtle and went to war against settlers
Indians felt land was theirs despite treaties
Were supplied by British
Washington sent General “Mad” Anthony Wayne to end the dispute

23. Washington’s Domestic Policy Battle of Fallen Timbers
August 20, 1794
Near Toledo, Ohio
Wayne and his men chased
the Indians back to Fort Miami
British refused Indians access –
did not want to start another war
Americans routed Indians, burning their fields and villages
Led to Treaty of Greenville in 1795
Indians gave Americans most of Ohio, Chicago, Detroit
Americans gave Indians $20,000 worth of goods and acknowledged existing claims

24. Washington’s Foreign Policy Spain
Spanish had closed port of New Orleans to Americans due to border disputes in 1784
Pinckney’s Treaty
US Ambassador Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain to negotiate a treaty
Treaty was huge success
Re-opened New Orleans to American trade
Moved Florida border from mid Georgia to 31st parallel (close to current border)

25. Washington’s Farewell Address
Washington chose to step down after two terms in office ( )
His farewell address is his most famous speech
Warns of political party divisions
Political Unity was key to success
Warns about dangers of foreign entanglement
No permanent friends or foes
Morality in government
Religion is instrumental
With your assigned group, read Washington Farewell Address and answer guided questions.

26. Washington Foreign Policy Justification Activity
Directions- After reading the US position below, look at the chart and the problems we faced as a new nation. Decide what the best course of action would be and justify your response. We will complete the last column together.
US Position: We are a new, relatively “weak” nation. We want to gain respect of other more powerful nations, but also do not want to get attacked or taken over by larger, wealthier, and more powerful nations.

27. Washington Administration Report Card
Directions- With your group, fill in the background information on Washington Administration. Then with your group, grade his administration using the grading scale of A to a F. Next to grade write your justification for getting Washington the grade you assigned.

28. Washington Class Assessment