1. Field Research Methods
Combined Techniques

2. Field Research – Many Names
Participant Observation
Direct Observation
Naturalistic Observation
Case Studies

3. Multi-Technique Data Collection Measurement Observation Questioning
Qualitative
Nominal
Ordinal
Quantitative
Interval

4. Multiple-Objective Data-Collecting – Theory-Generating
Exploration – Description
Induction – Deduction
Broad-Range – In-Depth
Social Conditions – Social Processes

5. Range of Units Meanings – culture, norms, world views
Practices - behaviors
Episodes – events: elections, teaching, hiring
Encounters – interactions (dyads, triads)
Roles – student, parent, teacher, friend
Relationships – student-teacher, parent-child
Groups – peer groups, work groups, cliques
Organizations – schools, churches, unions
Settlements – neighborhoods, dorm-floors

6. Observer Roles Participation/Observer Continuum Complete Participant
Participant-as-Observer
Observer-as-Participant
Complete Observer

7. Field Preparations Problem/Question Articulation
Preparation for Role Negotiation
Sampling
Questioning
Framing Topics
Recording Responses
Observation
Observation Units
Recording Observations
Data Preparation
Rewriting Notes
Creating Files
Data Analysis
Categorizing
Counting