1. MATTER Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Four States of Matter
Thermal Expansion

2. A. Kinetic Molecular Theory
KMT
Tiny, constantly moving particles make up all matter.
The kinetic energy (motion) of these particles increases as temperature increases.

3. B. Four States of Matter Solids
low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around
definite shape & volume
crystalline - repeating geometric pattern
amorphous - no pattern (e.g. glass, wax)

4. B. Four States of Matter Liquids
higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together
indefinite shape
definite volume

5. B. Four States of Matter Gases
high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container
indefinite shape & volume

6. B. Four States of Matter Plasma
very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-)
gas-like, indefinite shape & volume
stars, fluorescent light bulbs, TV tubes

7. C. Thermal Expansion
Most matter expands when heated & contracts when cooled.
 Temp causes  KE. Particles collide with more force & spread out.
EX: thermostats (bimetallic strip)

8. II. Changes in State Phase Changes Heating Curves
Solids, Liquids & Gases
II. Changes in State
Phase Changes
Heating Curves

9. melting point = freezing point
A. Phase Changes
Melting
solid to liquid
Freezing
liquid to solid
melting point = freezing point

10. A. Phase Changes Vaporization (boiling)
liquid to gas at the boiling point
Evaporation
liquid to gas below the boiling point
Condensation
gas to liquid

11. A. Phase Changes Sublimation solid to gas EX: dry ice, freeze drying,
iodine

12. A. Phase Changes

13. B. Heating Curves Kinetic Energy motion of particles
related to temperature
Potential Energy
space between particles
related to phase changes

14. B. Heating Curves Gas - KE  Boiling - PE  Liquid - KE 
Melting - PE 
Solid - KE 

15. B. Heating Curves Heat of Fusion
energy required to change from solid to liquid
some attractive forces are broken

16. B. Heating Curves Heat of Vaporization
energy required to change from liquid to gas
all attractive forces are broken
EX: steam burns, sweating, and… the drinking bird

17. III. Behavior of Gases Pressure Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law
Solids, Liquids, & Gases
III. Behavior of Gases
Pressure
Boyle’s Law
Charles’ Law

18. A. Pressure
Which shoes create the most pressure?

19. A. Pressure Key Units at Sea Level 101.325 kPa (kilopascal) 1 atm
760 mm Hg
14.7 psi

20. A. Pressure Barometer Manometer Atmospheric Pressure
Contained Pressure

21. A. Pressure Effect on Boiling Point
When atmospheric pressure increases, the boiling point of a liquid increases.
EX: high altitude cooking, boiling cold water

22. B. Boyle’s Law
When the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases (at constant temp). P V
PV = k
INVERSE

23. B. Boyle’s Law

24. C. Charles’ Law
When the temperature of a gas increases, its volume also increases (at constant pressure). V T
DIRECT

25. C. Charles’ Law

26. C. Charles’ Law Absolute Zero - Temp at which...
the volume of a gas would equal zero.
all particle motion would stop.
-273°C or
0 K