1. States of Matter
EQ: How does the movement of particles differ in solids, liquids and gases?

2. States of Matter It’s a chilly January morning.
Despite calls for an afternoon snowstorm, you are sent to school.
Around 10:30, the first snowflakes fall, immediately melting into a liquid on the warm roads.
By noon, however, the liquid water on the roads has changed its state of matter. It is now solid.
Solid ice.

3. States of Matter What happened?
What caused the liquid water to become solid water?
Did the solid water remain that way forever, or did it change back to a liquid at some point?
Are there any other states that matter can take?
How do we change matter from one state to another?

4. States of Matter
Our everyday world is full of substances that can be classified as solids, liquids, gases and the less familiar, plasma.
Solids, liquids and gases may be elements, compounds or mixtures
Gold is an element (Au)
Water is a compound (H2O)
Air is a mixture (N+O2+ other gases)

5. States of Matter
Although it is easy to list examples of the three most common states of matter, defining them is more difficult.
To define each state, you need to examine their properties.
The familiar states of matter are defined not by what they are made of, but mainly by whether or not they hold their volume and shape

6. Solids A solid has a definite shape and volume.
Unless excessive force is used a solid will retain its shape if placed in a container.
Unless a physical change, such as cutting, is used, a solid will retain its volume.
Volume is the amount of space that matter occupies.

7. Solids The particles in a solid are packed very closely together.
A particle is a minute piece of matter, such as an atom or molecule
In addition, each particle is tightly fixed in one position.
Fixed does not mean motionless.
It means that the particles vibrate in one spot.
This fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles causes a solid to have a definite shape and volume..

8. Solids There are two types of solids:
Crystalline
Amorphous
The particles form a
Regular repeating pattern
creating crystals
When crystalline solids are heated,
they melt at a specific temperature
Salt, sugar, snow.
The particles are arranged in a regular, non-repeating pattern.
When amorphous solids are heated, they
do not melt at a specific temperature, but instead they become softer or change into other substances
Plastics, rubber, glass

9. Liquids A liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own.
A liquid takes the shape of its container.
Like a solid, liquids have a definite volume that does not change appreciably when placed into a container.
1 cup of milk is 1 cup of milk no matter if it is in a shallow dish or a tall glass.

10. Liquids
In general, the particles in a liquid are packed almost as closely as in a solid.
The difference is that the particles are able to move freely.
These freely moving particles allow a liquid to flow from place to place
Because its particles are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape.
However, it does has a definite volume.

11. Liquids Properties of Liquids:
Surface Tension
Viscosity
An inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together (meniscus)
Causes the surface of water to act like skin
Water droplets, bugs “walking” on water
A liquid’s resistance to flowing
It depends on the size and shape of the liquid’s particles and the attractions between the particles.
Low viscosity = easy to flow
Ex: water
High viscosity = slow to flow
Ex: honey, syrup

12. Gases A gas can change its shape and volume very easily.
A gas has no definite shape or volume
The particles freely move in all directions
If you put a gas in a closed container, the particles will spread apart or be squeezed together as they fill the container.
If the container is opened, the particles, no longer limited by the space in the container, will move out and fill all space available.
Add Boyle’s and Charles’s Laws

13. Plasma The most common state of matter in the universe.
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A gas that is super-heated to the point where the electrons have been stripped from the atoms that make up the gas.
Ex: the Sun, other stars, fluorescent light bulbs, in neon signs, fire, and in some television screens

14. Draw on the back of your organizer:

15. States of Matter Activities
EQ: How does the movement of particles differ in solids, liquids and gases?

16. Two different activities
Choice 1: Left-Brained
Choice 2: Right-Brained
Identifying the arrangement and movement of particles
Individuals in this group will place the characteristics of the three phases of matter correctly on a worksheet.
The individuals will then break into pairs and repeat the process on a poster,
The pairs will then share the information with the class
Groups of 4-6 must arrange themselves together as particles in a solid, liquid and gas.
Once you have figured out all three arrangements, you must act out or react to given situations.
You will then need to explain to the rest of the class why you did what you did and make sure everyone understands what is happening

17. Changes in State
EQ: How does the movement of particles differ in solids, liquids and gases?

18. Changes of State Picture an ice cream cone on a hot summer day.
You are busy yakkity-yak-yak- yakking and do not eat your treat at a quick pace.
And the ice cream starts to melt down the side of the cone, on to your hand and up your arm.
You become a sticky mess as your once-solid ice cream becomes a liquid.
You know that ice cream will not stay solid unless it is kept cold.
But why is this so?

19. Changes of State
Particles of a substance at a warmer temperature have more thermal (heat) energy than particles of the same substance at a cooler energy.
Thermal energy always travels from a warmer substance to a cooler substance.
So, when you eat ice cream outside on a hot summer day, the ice cream is absorbing the thermal energy from the air and your hand.
This changes the solid ice cream into a liquid.

20. Changes of State
Matter can move from one state to another, but can still be the same substance.
A change of state, also called a phase change, is a physical change from one state of matter to another, for example, from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas.

21. Changing States
A substance will change from one state or phase to another at specific combinations of thermal energy and surrounding pressure.
Typically, the pressure is atmospheric pressure, so thermal energy is the determining factor to the change in state in those cases.
A substance’s state of matter can be changed from one form to another by adding thermal energy (heating it up) or decreasing the thermal energy (cooling it down)

22. Changing States
For example, particles of a liquid have more thermal energy than particles of the same substance in a solid form
Higher thermal energy = more particle movement
Melting ice cube:
More thermal energy
More particle movement

23. Changing States
If the thermal energy is decreased, the particles in the liquid substance will slow down.
If the thermal energy is decreased substantially, the liquid will freeze into a solid.
Water freezing:
Less thermal energy
Less particle movement

24. Changes of State
State changes are described using the following terms:
Melting
Freezing
Vaporization --- evaporation and boiling
Condensation
Sublimation
Deposition

25. Melting The change of state from a solid to a liquid.
Thermal energy is increased
In most pure substances, melting occurs at a specific temperature.
This is called the melting point.
When melting a solid substance, thermal energy is added, and the particles making up the substance start vibrating (moving) so fast that they break free of their fixed positions, and the substance melts into a liquid
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26. Freezing
The change of state from a liquid to a solid is called freezing.
It is the reverse of melting.
Thermal energy is decreased
It does not necessarily have to be cold to freeze a liquid.
At a substance’s freezing temperature, the particles of a liquid are moving so slowly that they begin to form regular patterns.
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27. Vaporization The change from a liquid to a gas is called vaporization.
Thermal energy is increased.
Vaporization takes place when the particles in a liquid gain enough thermal energy to form a gas.
Very fast particle movement
There are two main types of vaporization:
Evaporation and boiling

28. Vaporization
Evaporation
Boiling
Evaporation is vaporization that takes place only on the surface of a liquid.
Ex:
Water in a puddle gains thermal energy from the ground, air and sun.
The increased energy enables some of the water molecules on the surface of the puddle to escape into the air or evaporate and the puddle slowly shrinks
Boiling occurs when a liquid becomes a gas below its surface as well as at its surface.
Thermal energy is increased.
The boiling point of a pure substance is at a specific temperature.
This is called the boiling point

29. Condensation Condensation is the opposite of vaporization.
Thermal energy is decreased
Condensation occurs when water vapor(gas) loses enough thermal energy that it condense into liquid droplets
Ex:
Clouds form when water vapor (gas) in the atmosphere lose thermal energy and condense into liquid droplets.
When the droplets get heavy enough, they fall as rain

30. Sublimation
Sublimation happens when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy that they skip the liquid phases and become a gas.
Thermal energy is increased.
So instead of melting into a liquid, the addition of thermal energy changes the solid dry ice turns into a gas.
Ex:
Dry ice is the common name for solid carbon dioxide.
At normal atmospheric pressures, CO2 cannot exist as a liquid

31. Deposition
Deposition happens when gas particles lose energy so quickly that they skip the liquid phases and become solid
Thermal energy is decreased.
Ex:
Water vapor to ice - Water vapor transforms directly into ice without becoming a liquid, a process that often occurs on windows during the winter months.

32. Boyle’s Law
When the pressure of a gas is increased, its volume decreases.
When the pressure of a gas is decreased, its volume increases.
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33. Charles’s Law
When the temperature of a gas is increased, its volume increases
More thermal energy = more volume
When the temperature of a gas is decreased, its volume decreases
Decreased thermal energy = decreased volume
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