1. Organic Compounds The BIG Four

2. Before we talk about the “Big 4”, let’s define a few terms…
Macro
Polymer
Monomer

3. MACRO What do these words mean? Micro
So What Is A Macromolecule? A BIG molecule!

4. What does “Mono” mean? 1

5. Next Word…POLYMER "Poly" Means... MANY Polygons (many sides)
Polygamy (many wives)

6. Polymers & Monomers EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ?
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN ?
A PEARL NECKLACE
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

7. A Polymer
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN
THE CARS
A PEARL NECKLACE
EACH PEARL
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

8. There are FOUR important biochemical molecules
Now we are ready to
begin our study of...
The Big Four
There are FOUR important biochemical molecules

9. When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out…..
what they do for living things.
what they generally look like.
what their monomers are.
and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life.

10. CARBOHYDRATES

11. CARBOHYDRATES
WHAT THEY DO:
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!
They function in short-term energy storage for animals and plants

12. CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE THEY ARE FOUND:
In plant foods - in the cell walls of plants - fruits, vegetables
In animal products - in milk
Cookies, candy, fruits, sugar, breads, potatoes, vegetables

13. Each carbohydrate is made up of…
CARBOHYDRATES
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

14. Glucose is called a monosaccharide
CARBOHYDRATES
MADE UP OF...
Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is…
Glucose is called a monosaccharide
GLUCOSE

15. LIPIDS

16. LIPIDS WHAT THEY DO: Source of STORED ENERGY
INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature
CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
Produce hormones for the body called STERIODS
Waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! (Yes, beeswax and your earwax too!)

17. LIPIDS WHERE THEY ARE FOUND: In plants- in the seeds
In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue
Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.
Oils, butter, margarine

18. Each lipid is made up of…
LIPIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each lipid is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

19. Lipids are shaped like the letter “E”
MADE UP OF...
Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is…
Lipids are shaped like the letter “E”
TRIGLYCERIDES

20. PROTEINS

21. PROTEINS
WHAT THEY DO:
Major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair: muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails
Present in all cell membranes
Make antibodies in the immune system
Make enzymes for helping chemical reactions
Make non-steroid hormones (ex: insulin that breaks down sugar in your bloodstream)
Make hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in your blood

22. PROTEINS In plant foods - in the cell membranes
WHERE THEY ARE FOUND:
In plant foods - in the cell membranes
In animal products - in the cell membranes- in the muscles of living things- cows, chicken, fish…
Eggs, fish, chicken, meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains

23. Each protein is made up of…
PROTEINS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each protein is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen,
Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur
THINK: “CHONS”

24. PROTEINS
MADE UP OF...
Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…
AMINO ACID

25. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string
Amino Acid chain
All wound up
How the amino acid folds and its resulting shape determine the specific function of the protein

26. Enzymes…a special protein example
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)
They are required for all biochemical reactions
Stay tuned…We will learn more about enzymes later in this week!

27. NUCLEIC ACIDS

28. NUCELIC ACIDS DNA RNA WHAT THEY DO:
Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA.
Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body.
RNA
Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

29. “DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
You may have heard of…
DNA
“DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Now you know why they just call it DNA!
Another common type is RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

30. NUCELIC ACIDS In every living cell, often in the nucleus
WHERE THEY ARE FOUND:
In every living cell, often in the nucleus

31. Each nucleic acid is made up of…
NUCLEIC ACIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each nucleic acid is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen,
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
THINK: “CHONP”

32. Something we will learn more about when we study DNA
NUCLEIC ACIDS
MADE UP OF...
Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of
Nucleotides
Something we will learn more about when we study DNA

33. In interesting point…three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

34. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are:
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label are:
FAT a.k.a. lipids
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)

35. Resources www.bio.kimunity.com
Repacholi, Stephen.
Mr. J. Willis, science teacher, Hibriten High School
Miller, Ken and Joe Levine. Prentice hall Biology. Pearson Education Inc. New Jersey, 2005.