1. PASSIVE VERB FORMS

2. ACTIVE v. PASSIVE
If the verb is ACTIVE, the subject performs the action – e.g dominus servum pulsat
If the verb is PASSIVE, the subject is on the receiving need of action by somebody or somebody else – e.g servus ā dominō pulsātur
English makes passive verbs by using past participle plus is/are/am/was/were etc. – e.g The slave is hit by Caecilius.
Latin uses a method rather like English in the perfect tenses but for the present, imperfect and future it uses a special element (r) and combines this in different ways with the active verb endings.

3. BASIC ENDINGS
In tenses formed from the present stem (viz. present tense itself, future and imperfect), the passive endings are formed by a combination of the suffix -r with the active endings, except for the 2nd person plural ending which is taken from an obsolete passive present participle:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
ō/m or/r
s ris
t tur
mus - mur
tis - minī
nt - ntur
A short i in the 2nd. Person singular changes to e in front of ris
In the present tense of the 1st., 2nd. and 4th. conjugations, the imperfect of all conjugations and the future of 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs, the short vowel before –t in the 3rd. person sing becomes long (e.g. amat > amātur, capiēbat > capiēbātur, reget > regētur ). This is because the original long vowel in the base of the form is shortened before a final -t but not before a non-final –t-

4. Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amor

5. Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amor
amāris

6. Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amor
amāris
amātur

7. Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amor
amāris
amātur
amāmur

8. Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amor
amāris
amātur
amāmur
amāminī

9. Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amor
amāris
amātur
amāmur
amāminī
amantur

10. Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in ērī)
moneor

11. Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in ērī)
moneor monēris

12. Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in ērī)
moneor monēris
monētur

13. Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in ērī)
moneor monēris
monētur
monēmur

14. Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in ērī)
moneor monēris
monētur
monēmur
monēminī

15. Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in ērī)
moneor monēris
monētur
monēmur
monēminī
monentur

16. Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regor

17. Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regor
regeris

18. Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regor
regeris
regitur

19. Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regor
regeris
regitur
regimur

20. Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regor
regeris
regitur
regimur
regiminī

21. Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regor
regeris
regitur
regimur
regiminī
reguntur

22. Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audior

23. Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audior audīris

24. Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audior audīris
audīt ur

25. Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audior audīris
audīt ur
audīmur

26. Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audior audīris
audīt ur
audīmur
audīminī

27. Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audior audīris
audīt ur
audīmur
audīminī
audiuntur

28. Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)
capior

29. Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)
capior
caperis

30. capior caperis capitur
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)
capior
caperis
capitur

31. capior caperis capitur capimur
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)
capior
caperis
capitur
capimur

32. capior caperis capitur capimur capiminī
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)
capior
caperis
capitur
capimur
capiminī

33. capior caperis capitur capimur capiminī capiuntur
Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)
capior
caperis
capitur
capimur
capiminī capiuntur

34. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābar

35. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābar
amābāris

36. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābar
amābāris
amābātur

37. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābar
amābāris
amābātur
amābāmur

38. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābar
amābāris
amābātur
amābāmur
amābāminī

39. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābar
amābāris
amābātur
amābāmur
amābāminī
amābantur

40. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbar

41. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbar
monēbāris

42. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbar
monēbāris
monēbātur

43. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbar
monēbāris
monēbātur
monēbāmur

44. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbar
monēbāris
monēbātur
monēbāmur
monēbāminī

45. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbar
monēbāris
monēbātur
monēbāmur
monēbāminī
monēbantur

46. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbar

47. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbar
regēbāris

48. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbar
regēbāris
regēbātur

49. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbar
regēbāris
regēbātur
regēbāmur

50. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbar
regēbāris
regēbātur
regēbāmur
regēbāminī

51. Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbar
regēbāris
regēbātur
regēbāmur
regēbāminī
regēbantur

52. Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiēbar

53. Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiēbar
audiēbāris

54. audiēbar audiēbāris audiēbātur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiēbar
audiēbāris
audiēbātur

55. audiēbar audiēbāris audiēbātur audiēbāmur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiēbar
audiēbāris
audiēbātur
audiēbāmur

56. audiēbar audiēbāris audiēbātur audiēbāmur audiēbāminī
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiēbar
audiēbāris
audiēbātur
audiēbāmur
audiēbāminī

57. audiēbar audiēbāris audiēbātur audiēbāmur audiēbāminī audiēbantur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiēbar
audiēbāris
audiēbātur
audiēbāmur
audiēbāminī
audiēbantur

58. Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiēbar

59. Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiēbar
capiēbāris

60. capiēbar capiēbāris capiēbātur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiēbar
capiēbāris
capiēbātur

61. capiēbar capiēbāris capiēbātur capiēbāmur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiēbar
capiēbāris
capiēbātur
capiēbāmur

62. capiēbar capiēbāris capiēbātur capiēbāmur capiēbāminī
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiēbar
capiēbāris
capiēbātur
capiēbāmur
capiēbāminī

63. capiēbar capiēbāris capiēbātur capiēbāmur capiēbāmini capiēbantur
Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiēbar
capiēbāris
capiēbātur
capiēbāmur
capiēbāmini
capiēbantur

64. Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābor

65. Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābor
amāberis

66. Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābor
amāberis
amābitur

67. Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābor
amāberis
amābitur
amābimur

68. Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābor
amāberis
amābitur
amābimur
amābiminī

69. Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –ārī)
amābor
amāberis
amābitur
amābimur
amābiminī
amābuntur

70. Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbor

71. Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbor
monēberis

72. Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbor
monēberis
monēbitur

73. Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbor
monēberis
monēbitur
monēbimur

74. Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbor
monēberis
monēbitur
monēbimur
monēbiminī

75. Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –ērī)
monēbor
monēberis
monēbitur
monēbimur
monēbiminī
monēbuntur

76. Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regar

77. Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regar
regēris

78. Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regar
regēris
regētur

79. Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regar
regēris
regētur
regēmur

80. Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regar
regēris
regētur
regēmur
regēminī

81. Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regar
regēris
regētur
regēmur
regēminī
regentur

82. Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiar

83. Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiar
capiēris

84. Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiar
capiēris
capiētur

85. Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiar
capiēris
capiētur
capiēmur

86. Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiar
capiēris
capiētur
capiēmur
capiēminī

87. Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
capiar
capiēris
capiētur
capiēmur
capiēminī
capientur

88. Future Tense - 1st pers. sing
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiar

89. Future Tense - 1st pers. sing
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiar
audiēris

90. audiar audiēris audiētur
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiar
audiēris
audiētur

91. audiar audiēris audiētur audiēmur
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiar
audiēris
audiētur
audiēmur

92. audiar audiēris audiētur audiēmur audiēminī
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiar
audiēris
audiētur
audiēmur
audiēminī

93. audiar audiēris audiētur audiēmur audiēminī audientur
Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre (passive in –īrī)
audiar
audiēris
audiētur
audiēmur
audiēminī
audientur

94. PERFECT TENSE
Formed by using the perfect participle (the forth part of the verb in a dictionary) and the present tense of sum:
sum sumus
es estis
est sunt

95. amātus/amāta/amātum sum
PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sum

96. amātus/amāta/amātum sum amātus/amāta/amātum es
PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sum
amātus/amāta/amātum es

97. amātus/amāta/amātum sum amātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est
PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sum
amātus/amāta/amātum es
amātus/amāta/amātum est

98. PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sum
amātus/amāta/amātum es
amātus/amāta/amātum est amātī/amātae/amāta sumus

99. PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sum
amātus/amāta/amātum es
amātus/amāta/amātum est amātī/amātae/amāta sumus
amātī/amātae/amāta estis

100. PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sum
amātus/amāta/amātum es
amātus/amāta/amātum est amātī/amātae/amāta sumus
amātī/amātae/amāta estis
amātī/amātae/amāta sunt

101. amātus/amāta/amātum eram
PLUPERFECT Formed by using the Imperfect of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eram

102. amātus/amāta/amātum eram amātus/amāta/amātum erās
PLUPERFECT Formed by using the Imperfect of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eram
amātus/amāta/amātum erās

103. PLUPERFECT Formed by using the Imperfect of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eram
amātus/amāta/amātum erās
amātus/amāta/amātum erat

104. PLUPERFECT Formed by using the Imperfect of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eram
amātus/amāta/amātum erās
amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus

105. PLUPERFECT Formed by using the Imperfect of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eram
amātus/amāta/amātum erās
amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus
amātī/amātae/amāta erātis

106. PLUPERFECT Formed by using the Imperfect of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eram
amātus/amāta/amātum erās
amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus
amātī/amātae/amāta erātis
amātī/amātae/amāta erant

107. amātus/amāta/amātum erō
FUTURE PERFECT Formed by using the future of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erō

108. amātus/amāta/amātum erō amātus/amāta/amātum eris
FUTURE PERFECT Formed by using the future of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erō
amātus/amāta/amātum eris

109. FUTURE PERFECT Formed by using the future of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erō
amātus/amāta/amātum eris
amātus/amāta/amātum erit

110. FUTURE PERFECT Formed by using the future of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erō
amātus/amāta/amātum eris
amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus

111. FUTURE PERFECT Formed by using the future of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erō
amātus/amāta/amātum eris
amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus
amātī/amātae/amāta eritis

112. FUTURE PERFECT Formed by using the future of esse with the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erō
amātus/amāta/amātum eris
amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus
amātī/amātae/amāta eritis
amātī/amātae/amāta erunt

113. In these perfect tenses, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb in the same way that all adjectives do:
mercātor ā barbarīs captus erat
The merchant had been captured by the barbarians
fīliae ā iuvenibus amātae sunt
The daughters were loved by the young men
computātrum ā puerīs frāctum est
The computer was broken by the boys.

114. Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:
Melissa ab omnibus amāt__ est
Faber ab architectō vituperāt__ erat
Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt
Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant

115. Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:
Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
Faber ab architectō vituperāt__ erat
Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt
Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant

116. Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:
Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat
Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt
Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant

117. Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:
Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat
Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēceptae sunt
Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant

118. Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:
Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat
Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēceptae sunt
Computātra in multīs tabernīs posita erant

119. DEPONENT VERBS
A group of verbs which have passive forms but active meaning
They therefore have only three principal parts (e.g. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum - speak)
Their perfect participle, which is active in meaning, is introduced in CLC Stage 22.

120. DEPONENT VERBS
These verbs are also sometimes known informally as `cross-dressing verbs’
So we have….

121. ORDINARY VERBS IN THE ACTIVE VOICE (amō, amās etc.)

122. ORDINARY VERBS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE (amor, amāris etc.)

123. DEPONENT OR CROSS-DRESSING VERBS (loquor, loqueris etc.)

124. Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below: loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquuntur
QUĪNTUS: Marce, ________ne Latīnē?’
MARCUS: paululum ________ sed frāter melius ________ quam ego nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?
QĪNTUS: Minimē. nōs tantum Anglicē Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. pater et māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.
MARCUS: familia tua est doctissima!

125. Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below: loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquuntur
QUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’
MARCUS: paululum ________ sed frāter meus melius______ quam ego. nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?
QĪNTUS: minimē. nōs tantum Anglicē Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. pater et māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.
MARCUS: familia tua est doctissima!

126. Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below: loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquuntur
QUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’
MARCUS: paululum loquor sed frāter melius ________ quam ego nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?
QĪNTUS: minimē. nōs tantum Anglicē Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. pater et māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.
MARCUS: familia tua est doctissima!

127. Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below: loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquuntur
QUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’
MARCUS: paululum loquor sed frāter melius loquitur quam ego nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?
QĪNTUS: minimē. nōs tantum Anglicē Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. pater et māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.
MARCUS: familia tua est doctissima!

128. Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below: loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquuntur
QUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’
MARCUS: paululum loquor sed frāter melius loquitur quam ego nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē loquiminī?
QUĪNTUS: minimē. nōs tantum Anglicē Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. pater et māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.
MARCUS: familia tua est doctissima!

129. Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below: loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquuntur
QUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’
MARCUS: paululum loquor sed frāter melius loquitur quam ego nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē loquiminī?
QĪNTUS: minimē. nōs tantum Anglicē Sīnicē et Germānicē loquimur. pater et māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.
MARCUS: familia tua est doctissima!

130. Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below: loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquuntur
QUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’
MARCUS: paululum loquor sed frāter melius loquitur quam ego nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē loquiminī?
QĪNTUS: minimē. nōs tantum Anglicē Sīnicē et Germānicē loquimur. pater et māter tamen Graecē optimē loquuntur.
MARCUS: familia tua est doctissima!

131. DEPONENT PERFECT TENSES Formed in exactly the same was as with passive verbs. i.e. with the past participle and esse
locūtus sum I (masc.) spoke
locūtus erat He (masc) had spoken
locūtī erāmus We (masc)had spoken locūtae ērunt They (fem) will have spoken
locūtae erātis You (fem pl) had spoken
locūta es You (fem sg) have spoken

132. PASSIVE/DEPONENT IMPERATIVE
Singular is identical to the active infinitive form of the conjugation:
amāre, be loved! habēre, be had! regere, be ruled! cōnāre, try!
Plural is identical to the indicative 2nd. Person plural form:
amāminī, habēminī, regiminī, cōnāminī,

133. Translate the motto in this self-portrait of 17th century Italian painter Salvator Rosa