1. A t l a n i c O e
Arabian Gulf
Mediterranean Sea
7 Lebanon
21 Kuwait
3 Morocco
20 Syria
22 Bahrain
5 Tunisia
8 Palestine
19 Iraq
23 Qatar
Suez Canal
2 W. Sahara
18 Jordan
24 UAE
4 Algeria
6 Libya
9 Egypt
17 Saudi Arabia
1 Mauritania
Red Sea
16 Oman
Arabian
Sea
10 Eritrea
15 Yemen
11 Sudan
Indian Ocean
12 Djibouti
14 Somalia
Ethiopia
13 Comoros Islands
The Arab World is made up of 22 countries. Understand that Eritrea and Western Sahara are not fully considered Arab countries. Eritrea is an observer in the Arab League.

2. 1. Latitude and longitude coordinates of the Arab World: (2)
TOPIC #2: Physical Characteristics of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES:
3. Identify the location of the Arab World.
4. Understand some of the geographical features of the Arab World.
KD ANSWERS:
1. Latitude and longitude coordinates of the Arab World: (2)
Between latitude 2° south and 37° north of the equator.
Between longitude 17° west and 60° east of the Greenwich meridian.
2. Arab countries in:
Africa - 10
Asia - 12
3. Two reasons why the Arab World is considered important: (2)
1) It is centrally located with trade routes linking Asia, East Africa and Europe
2) It is the cradle (foundation) of three major religions – Islam, Christianity
and Judaism
3) It is the world’s leading exporter of oil

3. KD:
4. Fill in this paragraph and paste into your exercise book. p
The three basic surface features of the Arab World include plains, plateaux
and mountains. The two types of plains are Coastal Plains and Flurial
Plains. Kuwait rests on a costal plain. Plateaux are flat or nearly flat areas of
high ground which have steep sides and stand above the surrounding area. At
the center of the Arabian Peninsula is the Najd plateaux. There are four main
mountain ranges in the Arab World. The Atlas Mountains extend across
Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The Oman Mountains include Jebel Akhdar
(the Green Mountains) which is over 3,000 metres tall. In Western Saudi
Arabia you can find the Asir and Al Hejaz Mountains, both over 2,500
metres high. The Lebanese Mountains are famous for snow-skiing and reach
over 3,000 metres.

4. SKILL DEVELOPMENT ANSWERS: 1. Highest elevation: (2)
TOPIC #2: Physical Characteristics of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES: 3. Identify the location of the Arab World. and Understand some of the geographical features of the Arab World.
SKILL DEVELOPMENT ANSWERS:
1. Highest elevation: (2)
Toubkal at approximately 4,000 metres.
2. Width of the Arab World: (1)
Approximately 7,900 kilometres
3. Estimate Kuwait’s elevation. Explain why you chose that number. (3)
metres
Kuwait lies along the Arabian Gulf, is mostly flat and is well-below the 1,000 metre mark on the scale.

5. Mediterranean Desert Tropical
TOPIC #2: Physical Characteristics of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES: 5. Describe the climate conditions in the Arab World. and Identify the types of vegetation in the Arab world.
KD ANSWERS:
2. Three factors effecting climate in the Arab World: (3)
Latitude – distance from the equator
The balance between land and water
Altitude – elevation from sea level
3. Match each of the climate zones to its description. (3)
Mediterranean Desert Tropical
______________ It is very hot and rainy throughout the year. Found in Sudan and Somalia.
______________ It covers most of the Arab World and is characterised by high temperatures with limited amounts of rainfall.
______________ It has warm and rainy winters and found in North Africa and
Lebanon.
Tropical
Desert
Mediterranean

6. TOPIC #2: Physical Characteristics of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES: 5. Describe the climate conditions in the Arab World. and Identify the types of vegetation in the Arab world.
KD ANSWERS:
4. Vegetation is the type of plants growing in a particular place.
Three types of vegetation in the Arab World.
Type of Vegetation
Different Kinds
Tropical Rain Forest – include ebony, teak and mahogany trees
Mixed Forest – includes cedar and cork trees
Forest - 9%
Savanna – includes lush elephant grass on which cattle and buffalo feed
Temperate – includes flowering herbs for sheep and goats
Grassland – 18%
Desert
70% +
Has limited grasses, scrub and cactus

7. Study Figure 15 and locate modern Arab countries. Discuss.
TOPIC #3: The First Civilizations of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES: 7. Define civilisation. and Summarise steps for developing civilisation.
Study Figure 15 and locate modern Arab countries. Discuss.

8. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 1. Fill in the space below: p. 23
TOPIC #3: The First Civilizations of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES: 7. Define civilisation. and 8. Summarise steps for developing civilisation.
KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT:
1. Fill in the space below: p. 23
Civilisation is the large _____________ of people _____________ to live and work __________ in a creative way to develop _________________, ________________ and ______________________.
2. How did the first farmers survive? (5) p. 23
3. What problems encouraged people to cooperate and settle together? (2) p. 23
4. When people had surplus food, they had TIME to develop other areas. List four areas where they specialised. (4) p. 23
5. Eventually writing, numbering and laws were made to organise communities. Technology, art and culture were developed connecting people from different regions and encouraging trade. p

9. their society, technology
TOPIC #3: The First Civilizations of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES: 7. Define civilisation. and 8. Summarise steps for developing civilisation.
KD ANSWERS:
1. Civilisation is the large of people to live and
work in a creative way to develop and
2. First farmers survived: (5)
They did everything themselves.
Farmed
Made own clothes
Made simple tools
Defended themselves
grouping
organised
together
their society, technology
culture

10. Development of agriculture
TOPIC #3: The First Civilizations of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES: 7. Define civilisation. and 8. Summarise steps for developing civilisation.
KD ANSWERS:
3. Problems that encouraged people to cooperate and settle together: (2)
Water resources
Development of agriculture
4. TIME - areas specialised: (4)
Craftsmen
Builders
Wood and metal workers
Potters
Weavers

11. KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: 6. How long ago was 3500 BC?
TOPIC #3: The First Civilizations of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES: 7. Define civilisation. and 8. Summarise steps for developing civilisation.
KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT:
6. How long ago was 3500 BC?
7. What modern day countries make up the Fertile Crescent? (5) p. 24
8. What modern day countries make up the Levant (Bilad Ash Sham)? (4) p. 24
9. The Fertile Crescent region faced many challenges, including migration, invasion, trade and war. What important civilisations developed from 8500 BC in and near the Fertile Crescent? (6) p. 25

12. 7. Modern countries of the Fertile Crescent: (5)
TOPIC #3: The First Civilizations of the Arab World
OBJECTIVES: 7. Define civilisation. and 8. Summarise steps for developing civilisation.
KD ANSWERS:
BC was years ago.
7. Modern countries of the Fertile Crescent: (5)
Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq
8. Modern countries of the Levant (Bilad Ash Sham): (4)
Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria
9. Important civilisations developed in and near the Fertile Crescent: (6)
3500 BC – Mesopotamia (Iraq)
3000 BC – Egypt
India
Crete
China
Dilmun (Bahrain)
5,514

13. TOPIC #4: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Sumerians
OBJECTIVES:
9. List the civilisations of Mesopotamia.
10. Describe how the Sumerians lived.
WARM UP:
3500 Years ago the countries of Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq were known as the Fertile Crescent. The climate of this area was mild, its vegetation and soil very rich and it had a large seeded area of grassland. Being close to the Mediterranean and Red Seas as well as the Arabian Gulf, it allowed many people to travel through and trade. This caused the population to increase quickly causing the rise and fall of many civilisations over the last 2000 years.

14. A Greek word, which means ‘between the rivers’
TOPIC #4: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Sumerians
OBJECTIVE: 9. List the civilisations of Mesopotamia. and 10. Describe how the Sumerians lived.
KD ANSWERS:
1. Mesopotamia: (4)
A Greek word, which means ‘between the rivers’
Given to what is now Iraq (Bilad Al Rafedean)
The two rivers are the Tigris and Euphrates
2. First civilization in Mesopotamia: (3)
The Sumerians
Settled near rivers:
The soil was very fertile to grow crops.
3. Cities settled in Mesopotamia – 9
Ebla Mari Babylon Uruk Ur
Tell Brak Nineveh Akkad Ashur

15. How did people deal with the destructive floods in Mesopotamia?
TOPIC #4: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Sumerians
OBJECTIVE: 9. List the civilisations of Mesopotamia. and 10. Describe how the Sumerians lived.
KD ANSWERS:
4. If the answer is, people organized to dig irrigation systems, raise towns and villages above water level and built protective mud walls … what is a question you can ask? (2)
How did people deal with the destructive floods in Mesopotamia?
How did people protect their settlements and cultivation in Mesopotamia?
How did the people of Mesopotamia protect themselves from violent, Spring floods?
5. Most important Sumerian city-state: (1) Ur

16. 6. First type of writing used by Sumerians: (3)
TOPIC #4: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Sumerians
OBJECTIVE: 9. List the civilisations of Mesopotamia. and 10. Describe how the Sumerians lived.
KD ANSWERS:
6. First type of writing used by Sumerians: (3)
Simple pictures called pictographs from 3200 BC
7. If the answer is, an alphabet of wedge-shaped marks which were used to form words … what is a question you can ask? (2)
What is cuneiform script?
8. Story of Noah’s Ark written by the Sumerians: (2)
The epic story of Gilgamesh, ruler of Uruk.

17. God of Air Goddess of Love and War God of Water Father of the Gods
TOPIC #4: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Sumerians
OBJECTIVE: 9. List the civilisations of Mesopotamia. and 10. Describe how the Sumerians lived.
KD ANSWERS:
10. Dominated life in the flat lands of Sumeria: (4)
Wind, rain, sun and farming
11. Sumerians worshipped many Gods. Identify the following: (4) p. 28 
Enil –
Ishtar –
Enki –
Anu -
God of Air
Goddess of Love and War
God of Water
Father of the Gods

18. temples Ziggurats sun-dried clay bricks metres
TOPIC #4: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Sumerians
OBJECTIVE: 9. List the civilisations of Mesopotamia. and 10. Describe how the Sumerians lived.
KD ANSWERS:
12. Finish these sentences : The Sumerians devoted great efforts to building huge
. These temples called were massive structures
made out of and were as tall as up to high.
13. Two inventions by Sumerians in science and technology: (2)
Wheel
Chariots
Castings in bronze
Glass
Decimals and Geometry of Circles
Hours into minutes and seconds
temples
Ziggurats
sun-dried clay bricks
metres

19. Anatolia (Turkey) Cyprus Oman India Egypt Levant Afghanistan
TOPIC #4: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Sumerians
OBJECTIVE: 9. List the civilisations of Mesopotamia. and 10. Describe how the Sumerians lived.
KD ANSWERS:
14. Six places that were linked by trading (bartering) with the Sumerians: (6)
Anatolia (Turkey) Cyprus Oman India
Egypt Levant Afghanistan
15. Items manufactured in well-organised factories and exported: (6)
Textiles Furniture Jewellery Pottery
Copper and Bronze objects
16. If the answer is, mathematics, biology, astrology, economics and farming … what is a question you can ask? (2)
What subjects were studied in Sumerian Schools by 2500 BC?

20. GREAT CIVILISATIONS – SUMERIA 3500 – 2000 BC
TOPIC #4: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Sumerians
OBJECTIVE: 9. List the civilisations of Mesopotamia. and 10. Describe how the Sumerians lived.
KD ANSWERS:
17. Summarise the table from p. 30 into your exercise book. Include the title. (5)
GREAT CIVILISATIONS – SUMERIA 3500 – 2000 BC
Settled along the Tigris and Euphrates, irrigating and farming
City-States developed in Mesopotamia
Writing was invented to record information – pictographs and cuneiform
Organised Trade Routes – from India to Anatolia and Africa
Great contributions to science and technology

21. 1. First Semites to influence development of civilisation: (1)
TOPIC #5: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Akkadians and Babylonians
OBJECTIVE: 11. Describe the importance of the Akkadians and Babylonians.
KD ANSWERS:
1. First Semites to influence development of civilisation: (1) 
Akkadians
2. Akkadian King that conquered all the Sumerian city-states in 2400 BC: (1)
Sargon
and are cities that grew from the Amorites. (2)
Babylon
Assyria

22. 4. Fill in the paragraph: (8)
TOPIC #5: Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent – Akkadians and Babylonians
OBJECTIVE: 11. Describe the importance of the Akkadians and Babylonians.
KD ANSWERS:
4. Fill in the paragraph: (8)
In 1800 BC Babylon rose to power. Its greatest and wisest ruler was
His code of laws is famous and was carved onto a stone tablet. They are the
most complete, consisting of articles dealing with ,
and Some of the punishments, however, seem harsh
including
Today this stone tablet rests in the Museum, Paris.
Hammurabi.
282
wages,
divorce,
fees
commerce.
drowning or cutting off hands.
Louvre