1. Standard
Analyze the development of the two-party system during the presidency of George Washington, including controversies over domestic and foreign policies and the regional interests of the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists.

2. Essential Question
What precedents were established during George Washington’s presidency?

3. America’s First President
George Washington set many precedents while in office

4. Why is the French Revolution Important?
France expected US help during the French Revolution ( )
Why?
1793 – President Washington issued Proclamation of Neutrality – We stayed out of the Fr. Rev.

5. How did we expand our markets?
Pinckney Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo)- 1795
Spain allows America access to New Orleans.
Western goods can be transported.

6. How did we settle NW Territory?
US defeats the Miami Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Ohio
Treaty of Greenville – Miami agreed to give up land in Ohio for very little money.

7. How did we reopen business with Britain?
Jay’s Treaty-1794
British agreed to evacuate forts in NW territory.
US gave Britain favorable trade status
Many anti-federalists opposed this.
Favored better relations with France

8. What role does the Cabinet play?
Washington named a cabinet of advisors
Jefferson was named Secretary of State
Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury
Knox became Secretary of War
Randolph was named Attorney General

9. What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 do?
Created 13 Federal District Courts
Created 3 Circuit Courts of Appeal
Supreme Court would have 1 Chief Justice and 5 Associate Justices
Allowed state court decisions to be appealed to federal court.

10. What was Hamilton’s Economic Plan?
Federal assumption of the state debt.
Creation of a Bank of the United States
Protective tariffs to encourage American industries
Excise taxes to raise money (excise tax on whiskey)

11. Why did DC become the capital?
Many southern states objected Federal payment of state debt
Why?
In a compromise, the new capital city was moved to the South between MD and VA
This is the District of Colombia

12. How did Washington end the Whiskey Rebellion?
Farmers in western Pa refused to pay the tax on Whiskey. Violence erupted.
Where did they learn this?
Washington used the military to crush resistance.
This set an strong example of Federal Gov’t Power.
What other rebellion was not stopped by a central gov’t?

13. How did Federalists and Antifederalist differ on government power?
Hamilton
Strong central gov’t
Gov’t by “the rich, the well-born, and the able”
Jefferson
Strong state gov’t
“The Common Man”

14. Bank of the United States
Hamilton
Support BUS
Use the elastic clause to stretch money related powers
“loose interpretation”
Jefferson
Opposed BUS
Feared it gave too much power to Federal Gov’t
Not in Constitution
“Strict interpretation”

15. Excise Tax on Whiskey Hamilton Jefferson Support tax
Raise money to pay debt
Jefferson
Opposed tax
Would hurt common farmers’ incomes

16. Basis of the Economy
Hamilton
Industry
Jefferson
Agriculture

17. Protective Tariff Hamilton Supported Jefferson Opposed –
would protect American industries from foreign competition
Jefferson
Opposed –
would raise prices and wouldn’t benefit common man

18. Response to the French Revolution
Hamilton
Support British – value of trade
Jefferson
Support French – we inspired ideas of democracy

19. Washington’s Foreign Policy
Washington’s Farewell Address warned the country of 2 concerns
Avoid political parties – they tend to divide the country
Avoid “entangling” alliances – short term, temporary alliances are better for the country

20. The 2-term Presidency
Washington set the precedent of serving only 2 terms and then retiring

21. Who were the 1st two Political Parties?
Democratic-Republicans (D-Rs)
Led by Thomas Jefferson
Characteristics
Pro agriculture
Pro revolutionary France
Pro “common” man
Pro States rights (vs. strong central government)
Strict interpretation of Constitution

22. Election of 1796 Results John Adams (F) – 71 EV
Thomas Jefferson (D-R) – 68 EV
Thomas Pinckney (F) – 59 EV
Aaron Burr (D-R) – 30 EV
President = John Adams (F)
VP = Thomas Jefferson (D-R)

23. How were VP’s chosen? Constitution Became big problem in Adams’ Admin.
President to be person with most EVs
VP to be person with second most EVs
Became big problem in Adams’ Admin.
Why?
VP Jefferson
Pres. Adams

24. Why were the French angry w/ US?
Continued neutrality
French Revolution
Problem: French were attacking US ships
Why?
Adams sent diplomats France
French (in distance) bearing down
on damaged American ship

25. How did the French insult US?
French demanded a bribe, $12 million loan, and public apology, just for a meeting w/ French
Americans went home, instead
Americans (at left) facing French
revolutionary demands, in US
newspaper cartoon

26. How did XYZ divide US? Jefferson was doubtful of the story
Why?
French agents’ names to X, Y and Z
Many wanted US to declare war w/ France
Token handed out during XYZ Affair

27. USS Constellation – active during
How did Adams react?
Quasi-War: No declaration, but French, American ships attacked each other
1800: Adams renegotiated treaty that ended conflict.
USS Constellation – active during
Quasi War

28. Fight in Congress during debate
Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798
president could deport any alien considered "dangerous to the US
Aimed at French sympathizers
Sedition
made it a crime to publish criticisms of US gov’t
Fight in Congress during debate
over Sedition Act, 1798

29. What was the reaction to XYZ?
Jefferson: Unconstitutional!!
First Amendment
Tenth Amendment
KY and VA Resolutions
Called on states to nullify laws
“Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the
Press . . .”
“The powers not delegated to
the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by
it to the States, are reserved to
the States respectively, or to
the people.”

30. Led to end of Federalist Party
Federalists lost many elections
The power of the press . . .

31. Why is 1800 election important?
One of the nastiest elections ever (slander, personal attacks
Jefferson, Burr tie; election goes to Federalist House
Hamilton convinced many to choose Jefferson
Led to Duel w/ Burr
Jefferson (D-R) 73
Burr (D-R) 73
J. Adams (F) 65
Pinckney (F) 64

32. 12th Amendment Ended 2nd Place as VP They run as a Ticket
Boston Sentinel, 1801

34. Adams appoints a large number of judges at the end of his presidency-Midnight Judges
All approved, but paperwork is not turned in before Jefferson takes office
What would you do?

35. Why is Marbury v. Madison Important
Marbury sued Madison over a court appointment not recognized by Jefferson
Court rules in favor of Madison
This court case establishes
Judicial Review- Power to rule acts of Legislative and/or Executive Branch Unconstitutional

36. Who was John Marshall?
Chief Justice from
Strong Federalist

37. How did Jefferson expand executive power?
LA Purchase 1803: Doubled the size of the US
Purchased for ~$15 million (only 3 cents per acre!)
Lewis and Clark were sent to explore and document

38. Barbary Wars
US ships were being targeted by pirates off the North African coast.
TJ refused to pay tribute
Sent military into Tripoli instead

39. How did the Napoleonic Wars affect the US?
US was officially neutral
However, US increases trade w/ France
British extremely upset
Violates Jay’s Treaty
Helping Britain’s greatest enemy

40. Britain starts impressment—kidnapping US soldiers and forcing them into the British Navy

41. Federalists felt…
It was a cost of doing business
Trade w/ Britain too important
D-R’s felt…
Insulted & Angry

42. What should Jefferson do?
1807, Chesapeake Affair
British kill 3 Americans then seize 4 sailors from the USS Chesapeake after stopping it.
What should Jefferson do?

43. Jefferson chooses Economic Diplomacy
Embargo Act of 1807
We cease ANY business w/ Britain & France
Result: Hurts the US more than France or Britain

44. Embargo is wildly unpopular
Where?
Congress repeals the Embargo Act in 1809
Non-Intercourse Act- US resumes trade with world.
Jefferson happily didn’t run in 1808
James Madison became the next president

45. Terms Democratic-Republicans Protective Tariff Excise Tax Edmond Genet
Little Turtle
Sectionalism
Nullification