Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Chapter 9: Distribution and Measures of Development

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Chapter 9: Distribution and Measures of Development"— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 9: Distribution and Measures of Development

2 Productivity Consumer goods
Measure of how efficiently a product can be made. “value added” = value – costs (gross value of product minus costs of raw materials, energy + labor used to make it). MDCs are more productive (produce more with less effort), + add more value (generate more wealth) than LDCs. Mainly technology, but also skills + education Consumer goods Esp. considered are communication + transportation (cell phones, cars) MDCs = Accessible to all, vital for functioning of economy U.S. #1 consumers LDCs = not unknown, but don’t play a vital role, more available/used in urban areas connected to MDCs. MDCs have higher GDP and spend on purchasing machinery  more wealth

3 Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons

4 Cell phones per 1,000 persons
FIGURE 9-5

5 Social indicators of development (2 areas)
Education + Literacy literacy rate (higher in MDCs 98% vs. 60%, but difficult to measure what is truly adequate literacy) Mean + expected years of schooling higher in MDCs to function in the economy you must have more education other education “funding” measures: student to teacher ratio higher in LDCs teacher/student ratio in MDCs is higher $ spent/student higher in MDCS but % of GDP spent on education is higher in LDCs So, they may spend more of their GDP on education, but they have less overall.

6 Students Per Teacher, Primary School

7 Social indicators of development
Health + welfare: “How healthy are people?” Diet (adequate calories = 2,350) Per capita daily consumption in U.S. = 3,700+ Democratic Republic of Congo = 1590 Access to health care Most MDCs have large social safety net programs that provide minimums

8 Caloric intake as % of requirements
FIGURE 9-7

9

10 Health expenditures as % of GDP
FIGURE 9-8

11 Physicians per 1,000 persons
FIGURE 9-9

12 Demographic indicators of development
Life expectancy: Babies born today are expected to live until age: MDCs = 70s, LDCs = 60s Other demographic indicators: All higher in LDCs, but decreasing Infant mortality (IMR) = 6% LDCs vs .5% MDCs 94% infants survive in LDCs vs. 99.5% in MDCs Malnutrition, lack of medicine, poor medical practices Crude birth rate (CBR) = 23/1,000 ppl in LDCs vs 12/1,000 MDCs More babies per capita in LDCs. Why? Natural increase (NIR) = 1.5% LDCs vs 0.2% MDCs CBR– CDR. Tells you how much a country is growing. LDCs have higher NIR  strains country’s ability to provide for ppl Except CDR (Crude death rate) **CDR does not indicate a society’s level of development. More equal due to diffusion of modern medicine MDCs slightly higher (more elderly) LDCs slightly lower (higher crude birth rates)

13 Life expectancy (2009)

14 Infant mortality rate FIGURE 2-12

15 Natural Increase Rate FIGURE 2-9

16 Crude Birth Rate FIGURE 2-10

17 Progress Toward Development
Research suggests we may actually face a declining world population in the coming years.

18 How is gender development measured?
From 1995 – 2010: Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Compares women’s development with men’s. Constructed in a manner similar to the HDI. Combines same indicators of development used in the HDI, adjusted to reflect differences in accomplishments/ conditions of men + women. **Criticized as too dependent on income Penalizes poor countries with more gender equality but rewards high income unequal countries like Saudi Arabia.

19 Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
*The UN has not found a single country in the world where its women are treated as well as its men.

20 Saudi Arabia driving ban on women to be lifted:
The Gulf Kingdom is only country in the world that bans women from driving. Saudi Arabia’s King Salman has issued a decree allowing women to drive for the 1st time.

21 How is gender dev measured?
From 1995 – 2010: Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Compares women’s dev. w/ men’s Uses HDI as a starting point. Criticized as too dependent on income Penalizes poor countries with more gender equality but rewards high income unequal countries like Saudi Arabia Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Compares the involvement of women in decision-making roles (compared to men) **Criticized as having an “elite” bias/ “Regular” women are not reflected. Women in leadership aren’t always gender advocates: Proposed switch to women in local rather than national govt. Or, a measure of women who actually participate in voting.

22 Artist Photoshops Men out of Political Images to Prove We Still Need Feminism #MOREWOMEN (GEM)

23

24 Germany’s Angela Merkel, Chancellor since 2005
Queen Elizabeth

25

26 How is gender dev measured?
*Most Current: *Gender Inequality Index (GII) 1. Reproductive health Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) rate of death due to childbirth Adolescent Fertility Rate (AFR) rate of teenage pregnancy 2. Empowerment Share of parliamentary seats. The more seats, the less inequality. 3. Labor market participation Lower index (closer to 0) = more equality High index (closer to 1) = less equal

27 Female labor market participation

28

29 Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy: # of years that females live longer than males

30 Lower GII = higher development. Why
Lower GII = higher development. Why? How does having more gender equality improve the HDI of a country? GNI (gross national income) is higher women are included in the formal economy informal economic activity not counted for HDI become major economic assets. Wage earners, entrepreneurs, innovators smaller family sizes less children = more economic investment Increase in mean years of schooling More equality = women stay in school longer Increase in female life expectancy Women who have more educational and economic opportunity have less children fewer pregnancies leads to longer lives

31 HDI Mapping Analysis Activity
Working in groups: 1. Color-code HDI world map based on levels of development (very high, high, medium, low, very low, no data). (5 colors) 2. Color-code your other world map (1/2 sheet of paper) based on core countries, semi-periphery countries, + periphery countries (3 colors) 3. Work together to answer HDI mapping questions #1-10. 4. Assign 2 questions per person to do for HW. Be ready to share with group tmrw. You will staple everything together + submit #1-10 as a group.

32 Using 5 colors/ highlighters, color code HDI world map based on levels of development:

33 Color-code your other world map (1/2 sheet of paper) based on core countries, semi-periphery countries, + periphery countries (3 colors)


Download ppt "Chapter 9: Distribution and Measures of Development"

Similar presentations


Ads by Google