1. Human Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa

4. 5 Regions
North
East
Central
Western
Southern

5. The First Humans
Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

6. Stage 1
4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that walk upright…includes humans.
Gets an opposable thumb!

9. Stage 1 Homo Habilis (“Man of skills”) Found in East Africa
Created stone tools

10. Early Discoveries

11. Are we all Africans under the skin???
Differing Human Migration Theories
Are we all Africans under the skin???

12. Language in Africa
There are over 2100 and by some counts over 3000 languages spoken natively in Africa in several major language families

13. Language Families
There are far fewer MAJOR languages in the large continent of Africa than in Europe which is much smaller, but has many more MAJOR languages. What conclusions can you draw?
Only 8 African languages are spoken by more than 10 million people
Fig. 5-14: The 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.

14. Bantu Migrations *Part of the Niger-Congo language family
The term ‘Bantu’ refers to group of people who speak the same or similar language with common word “NTU” which means a person.
In 2000 B.C. beginning in Nigeria, the Bantu people moved southward throughout Africa. On the way they spread their language and cultures.
There are about 250 Bantu languages, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear
Today about 120 MILLION Africans speak a Bantu language
*Part of the Niger-Congo language family

15. Cultural Coherence and Diversity:
Language Patterns
Mixtures of local, African trade partners, and European and Asian influences
African Language Families
Three largest families: Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic
Khoisan: clicking languages
Language and Identity
Tribes: consist of a group of families or clans with a common kinship, language, and definable territory
Hear a Khoisan click languages!

16. Cultural Coherence and Diversity:
European Languages
Francophone (French influence), Anglophone (English influence, Afrikaans (Dutch-based)
Arabic Influences
Swahili (a Bantu language): language created as a common communication between natives and Arabian traders
LEARN SWAHILI!!!!

17. Language Groups and Official Languages

19. South Africa has eleven official languages:
Afrikaans
English
Ndebele (un de bele)
Northern Sotho (sutu)
Sotho (sutu)
Swazi
Tswana
Tsonga
Venda (bin da)
Xhosa (cosa)
Zulu
Most South Africans can speak more than one language.

20. Cultural Coherence and Diversity:
Religion
Indigenous religions tend to be animistic
What is animism?
The Introduction and Spread of Christianity
Entered northeast Africa around 300 C.E.
Strengthened during 19th century colonialism
Syncretism: native religions mixed with new religions

21. Traditional Animism in Africa
Belief in one supreme being (god)
A world of spirits, good & bad, in all things
Ancestor worship and leadership
Belief in magic, charms, and relic worship
Diviner > mediator between tribe and god

22. Extent of Islam

24. History
Before colonialism, most of Africa was a stateless society, which is where people rely on family to govern themselves, rather than an elected gov’t or monarch.

25. Scramble for Africa
In the late 19th century, Europe’s industrialized nations “scrambled” to colonize Africa to gain their vast natural resources.
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference, was a meeting in which the major imperial powers of Europe negotiated and formalized colonial claims to territory in Africa.
Almost all territory was controlled by European countries, except Liberia and Ethiopia (fought to remain independent). Most nations become independent by the 1960’s.

27. Colonial Legacy
Political boundaries made by Europeans was/is causing ethnic conflict (2 or more opposing groups occupying same land)
Most Central African countries gained independence by the 1960s but the borders that were drawn posed problems.

29. Effects of European Colonization
Loss of resources
Disruption of political systems
Cultural and ethnic oppression of the people
No infrastructure (roads, railroads, airports, education system)

30. Parts of Africa are battling itself
Some African countries are in a civil war
One of the main reason’s Africa struggles is because each country refuses to look at themselves as ONE entity; ONE unit.

31. SUPRANATIONALISM IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA African Union (AU)
Formerly the OAU, union consisting of 54 African states, except Morocco. The AU was established May 2001.
Motto: "A United and Strong Africa"
Southern African Development Community
(SADC)
Goal is to further socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 15 southern African states. It complements the role of the African Union
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Regional group of 15 West African
countries. Founded in May 1975,
mission is to promote economic
integration across the region
Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
Economic Community for the promotion of regional economic co-operation in Central Africa. It "aims to achieve collective autonomy, raise the standard of living of its populations and maintain economic stability through harmonious cooperation".

32. Supranational Organizations of Sub-Saharan Africa (Fig. 6.35)

33. Development in Africa: HDI
Reminder: HDI (human development index) is a combination of economic, social, and demographic factors. It is calculated by measuring:
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Literacy Rate
Average number of school years attended.
Life expectancy
The number assigned is from 0.1 to The higher the better/more developed.
Where do you think most of Sub-Saharan African countries would be????

36. Economic Development Varies!!!!
Ghana: .573
Exports gold, diamonds, magnesium, and bauxite (used for aluminum).
Political stability in the 90’s allowed this country to gain a stable economy
Sierra Leone: .374
Have the same resources as Ghana but political instability and civil wars have held them back from economic gains.

37. Almost all of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Stage 2:
Almost all of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Stage 3:
South Africa
(although Lesotho, Kenya, Ghana, Zimbabwe, and Botswana are close to moving into three)
Stage 4:
Mauritius

39. Development and Population Pyramids.

40. Worst Population Pyramid EVER!!

41. What happened here?

44. Land Use Patterns: Urbanization

45. Cities growing rapidly=issues
Kibera
Kibera, Kenya, is the second largest slum in Africa and the third largest in the world. The population of Kibera is estimated at 1.1 million people, up from 700,000 ten years ago. There is no infrastructure, no roads, no safe drinking water, or sewers. Kibera is created from scraps of tin and mud.

46. Population Density

47. Land Use Patterns: Agriculture
Rural population is 73% as of 2013
Agriculture is subsistence***.
What does that mean?
Crops critical for export include: coffee, peanuts, cotton, cocoa, and rubber.
Pastoral nomadism*** is also practiced.
What does this mean?
***AP Human vocab alert!!!!

48. Conclusions Problems lead to pessimism Reasons for optimism Civil wars
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff
Conclusions
Problems lead to pessimism
Civil wars
Health problems
Poverty
Reasons for optimism
Large areas of land available for farming
Signs of declining birth rates
Some wars have ended
Improving infrastructure
Some countries doing relatively well: Mozambique, Botswana, S. Africa, Senegal, others.