1. Hayt et. al. Chapters 1 - 5

4. - Vab the potential difference experienced by moving from point b to point a, can be determined by moving from b to a along any circuit path and adding algebraically the potential differences encountered across each circuit element along the path
Simple Example:
- moving from b to a through R we get:
Vb + iR = Va
Vab = Va – Vb = iR =
choosing the path through the
voltage source and r :
Vb + e - ir = Va Vab = e – ir =
The actual voltage from the battery Vab is only equal to its e;
- if r = 0 (i.e. if it is an ideal voltage source) or
- if R = ∞ (i.e. no load is connected to it).

13. Use KVL
Use KCL

14. Use KVL
Use KCL

23. 6 kW →
40 V

34. Voc’ = 30(12/18) = 20 V

35. Voc’’ = 40 V

36. Voc’’’ = -7x15 = -105

37. Vt = Voc’ + Voc’’ + Voc’’’ = 20+40-105 = -45
Req = (6//12)+11+5 = 4+16 = 20

39. I → +
Rin V -
Assume RL = ∞
Rin = V/I

40. ←I + V -
Assume RS = 0
RO = V/I

41. Ideal Case V

42. Ideal Case V
Source Resistance V

43. Ideal Case V
Load Resistance V

44. Ideal Case V
Source and Load Resistance V