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Kommunikatsiooniteenuste arendus IRT0080
Loeng 3/2008 Avo Ots telekommunikatsiooni õppetool, TTÜ raadio- ja sidetehnika inst.
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Source coding Source alphabet Distribution Reconstruction alphabet
Decoder X ^ Encoder X Source alphabet Distribution Reconstruction alphabet Distortion measure Distortion constraint D: Encoder: Decoder Minimum rate of representing X with distortion D: Rate-distortion function R(D)=
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TV standardid Videoriba laius 5.0 MHz
NTS C 525 rida (262.5 rida) 60 kaadrit sekundis. Reasagedus fh= Hz Euroopa: 625 rida, (312.5 rida) 50 kaadrit sekundis Reasagedus fh= Hz HDTV: kaadri formaat 16:9 720p (1280 x 720 pildipunkti (pikselit)) 1080i (1920 x 1080 pildipunkti)
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Üks rida kujutisest How many lines?
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Television Digital Video
Broadcast Television (analog) movie at home - why invent new technology? mass market influence of movie on development Key Steps convert pictures to electric signal send electric signal convert electric signal to picture Comparison with motion picture High Definition Television - analog digital, compression Video conference - travel cost, people cost
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Broadcast Television Convert picture to electric signal – video camera
initially only at TV studios, cost not as important recording media, editing, … special equipment to convert movie Send electric signal follow radio broadcast, needs spectrum allocation from Convert electrical signal to picture _cathode ray tube _flat panel: LCD, LED, plasma
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Värvuse ülekanne Y=0.587 G R B Heledussignaal. Ühildavus monokroomsega U=0.493 (B-Y) V=0.877 (R-Y) PAL f= Hz
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Analoog/digitaal video
MPEG kooder Tele- programmi valmis- tamine A/D maatriks Optiline sõlm ja video- muundur G B R Y U V SDI Komposiit kooder Analoog kompo- siit väljund (PAL) Digi- taalne pakitud väljund
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Digitaliseerimine Komponentide ribalaius kuni 6 MHz
Diskreetimissagedus fd= 13.5 MHz fd= 864 fh NTSC (Põhja-Ameerika) fd= 858 fh PAL (Euroopa) Kvanteerimine 8 bitti => 13.5* 8 =108 Mbps Standard ITU-R BT.601 => 720 pildipunkti reas 4 : 2 : 2 => 216 Mbps
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Analoogvideo digitaalseks
Digivideo standard ITU-R BT.601-5, standardi järgi on kaadri suurus 720x576 (PAL jaoks). Ei tarvitse olla 720 pikselit reas. Video digitaliseerimiseks võetav pikselite arv ei pea vastama kuvamise seadme pikselite arvule PAL formaadis saab digivideot esitada erinevatel kaadri suurustel 720x480 või 720x576. valmis
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Digivideo vormingud ITU-R-601 720x480 4:2:2 CIF 360x288 4:2:0
4:3 HDTV 1440x1152 4:2:2, 4:2:0 9:16 HDTV 1920x1152 4:2:2, 4:2:0 4CIF, 16CIF, QCIF
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Digivideosignaal Maat- riks YUV paralleelselt RGB Kaamera Y U V
13,5 MHz 6,75 MHz 10 bitti 27 MHz takt Y U V YUV paralleelselt
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programmi transpordi voog
Video ja heli Video kooder Audio Pakett Programmi voo MUX Transpordi andmed Elementide voog Andmed (DVD) Üksiku programmi transpordi voog Video PES Audio PES PES – programmi elementide voog Video kodeerimine standardid edastuskiirustele 1,5…60 Mb/s; 15 Mb/s on tavaline (“Main Profile at Main Level”) Heliressursi vajadus on suurusjärk väiksem kujutisega võrreldes (stereoheli kõrgtase kbit/s)
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Kujutisest signaal
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Signaali (heledus) esitus
T= 1 (ajaühik) t T0 T1 f 1 3 5
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Heledusastmed 11 10 01 00
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Kujutis läbi madalpääsfiltri
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Kujutis läbi kõrgpääsfiltri
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DV plokid 9:16 HDTV 4:2:2 YUV 4:1:1 YUV
macroblock 4:2:2 YUV 16x16 macroblock 8x8 pixel blocks 8 bits/sample = 16 bits/pixel = 4Kbits/macroblock 4:1:1 YUV 3Kbits/macroblock 12 bits/pixel Y3 U V Y1 Y2 Y4 30 fps * 720 * 480 * 1.5 * 8 = 124 Mb/s 9:16 HDTV 30 fps * 1920 * 1152 * 1.5 * 8 = 796Mb/s
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Color Space Conversion
RGB to YUV or (YCrCb) Y luminance component (brightness). Y = R G B U, V U = B – Y V = R - Y Y U V
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Image block DCT Coefficients
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Kahemõõtmeline kujutis
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Ruumiline “aeg” 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Ruumiline “sagedus” 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.05 0.6 0.5 0.07 0.1 0.08 0.01 0.01
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JPEG 8x8 block DC Entropy coding AC DCT Quantization Quantization
tables Header DC Entropy coding Tables Difference coding Data Run length coding AC
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Makroblokk (8 * 8) 124 125 122 120 119 117 118 121 126 123 127 128 129 130 143 142 140 139 150 148 152 151 156 159 158 155 157 -4 -3 -6 -8 -9 -11 -10 -7 -2 -5 -1 1 2 15 14 12 11 22 20 24 23 28 31 30 27 29
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Koosinusteisendatud , 39.88 6.56 -2.24 1.22 -0.37 -1.08 0.79 1.13
4.56 2.26 1.12 0.35 -0.63 -1.05 -0.48 37.77 1.31 1.77 0.25 -1.50 -2.21 -0.10 0.23 -5.67 2.24 -1.32 -0.81 1.41 0.22 -0.13 0.17 -3.37 -0.74 -1.75 0.77 -0.62 -2.65 -1.30 0.76 5.98 -0.45 -0.77 1.99 -0.26 1.46 0.00 3.97 5.52 2.39 -0.55 -0.051 -0.84 -0.52 -3.43 0.51 -1.07 0.87 0.96 0.09 0.33 0.01 DC AC …
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JPEG 2000 Features Improved compression efficiency (vs. JPEG)
Highly scalable embedded data streams Progressive lossy to lossless compression within a single data stream Arbitrarily crop images in the compressed domain Selectively enhance quality of spatial “regions of interest” Support for very large images
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Liikuva kujutise edastusvariandid
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Lõpulingid http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/
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