1. GML & JPEG 2000 for Geographic Imagery
Applications to Geo-spatial Intelligence
Ron Lake
November 21, 2018

2. “Imagery” and Geo-spatial Intelligence
Objective is to understand what is happening !
Implications:
Use many “observation sources”
Conventional and non-conventional satellite imagery.
Visual, radar and thermal imagery
Aerial photography (oblique, high oblique, panoramic)
Hyper-spectral imagery
Weather data
Ground observations
Extract – fuse information to create best model of “what is happening”
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

3. “Imagery” and Geo-spatial Intelligence
Not always clear “what” we are observing.
Use of decoys and obfuscation.
Need to operate in connected and disconnected environments.
High emphasis on data integrity – “pixels” alone don’t tell the story !
Let’s see what GML in JP2K brings to the table!
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

4. Many Image Types Stereo satellite image pair
Single oblique aerial image
Stereo aerial image pair
Stereo satellite image pair
Idea is to use a GML Application Schema for each image type. The GML “metadata” (from JPEG perspective) increases the value of the image data.
Hyperspectral Satellite Image
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

5. More than “imagery”
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

6. Single oblique aerial image
Many Image Types
JPEG Data Package
Single oblique aerial image
JPEG 2000 CodeStream
Image Geometry
Image Radiometry
Image metadata
GML Data & Schema
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

7. Stereo aerial image pair
Many Image Types
JPEG Data Package
Stereo aerial image pair
JPEG 2000 CodeStreams
Image Geometry
Stereo-Model
Image Radiometry
Image metadata
GML Data & Schema
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

8. ISO Standard for image compression.
What is JPEG 2000?
ISO Standard for image compression.
Wavelet based like ECW or Mr Sid but open.
Handle very large images (gigabytes)
Not a geographic image format.
Can embed XML data in the data package (JPX)
Rich complex specification.
Can have ROI compression – lossy compression of entire scene with lossless compression of a region of interest.
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

9. GML en route to being an ISO standard (is CD now) – ISO 19136
What is GML ?
Geography Markup Language is an approved specification of the OpenGIS Consortium an organization of 260+ vendors, government agencies and academic bodies (including NGA!)
GML en route to being an ISO standard (is CD now) – ISO 19136
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

10. XML Grammar (XSD) for geography.
What is GML?
XML Grammar (XSD) for geography.
Features (vector)
Coverages (i.e. images)
Coordinate Reference Systems,
Geometry, Topology.
Units of Measure
Time
Map Styling.
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

11. Coverages are mappings from a domain set to a range set
GML - Coverages
Distributions of quantities (Coverages)
domain
range
Geographic Region
f(x) x
Values
elevation
temperature
rock type
reflectance
Coverages are mappings from a domain set to a range set
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

12. Sea Surface Temperature
GML - Coverages
Distributions of quantities (Coverages)
E-R View
Coverage
isA
Sea Surface Temperature
Bathymetry Model
RS Image
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

13. We can classify coverages by the domain geometry
GML - Coverages
range
f(x) x
Values
depth
temperature
salinity
reflectance
Surface tesselations
Segmented Curves
Discrete Point Sets
Distributions of quantities (Coverages)
We can classify coverages by the domain geometry
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

14. Coverage Domain Geometry (Grid, polygonal surface ..)
GML Coverage
GML Describes:
Coverage Domain Geometry (Grid, polygonal surface ..)
Values (quantities with units, scalar, composite ..)
GML encode (transport) value and geometry
XML Values
String Values
Binary Values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

15. Specification will be released this fall.
GML in JPEG 2000
JPEG 2000 allows use of XML for “metadata”.
GML is XML
How should GML be used?
OGC Developing GML in JPEG 2000 Specification:
Led by Galdos Systems and LizardTech
EUSC, SPOT Image, USGS, ERMapper, Intergraph, ITT are among key participants.
Galdos and LizardTech to release commercial codec/SDK.
Specification will be released this fall.
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

16. Metadata Hierarchy Think about metadata in a hierarchical manner !
Coverage Metadata
e.g. ISO etc.
Coverage
GML Coverage description
Values
JPEG 2000 header
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

17. Why GML & JPEG 2000? Flexible, open standard for geographic imagery.
Enables best of both GML (geography) and JPEG 2000 (imagery) to be brought together.
Extensible. From a solid base can define extended support for Coordinate Reference Systems, Units, sensor types etc.
Extensible: Image package can contain the geographic image – extracted features – annotation – metadata – and styling of features & annotation.
Completely open standard – defined by OGC and ISO (JPEG 2000.)
Handles standalone (detached) and networked cases
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

18. Use Cases Image/Coverage Types (Wide Variety) Image geometry
Aerial Photograph
Stereo Pair
Satellite Image
Hyper-spectral Image
Triangulation Block
Digital Elevation Model
Image geometry
Image “radiometry” (coverage value/range)
Image Annotation
Feature Extraction/Interpretation
Coordinate references and units (e.g. radiometry)
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

19. GML & JPEG 2000 - Basics External Value File
Coverage = generalized image
GML Coverage Description
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value Description
Pointer to external file
Coverage Values
External Value File
GML can use external files to hold coverage values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

20. Coverage Value Description
GML & JPEG Basics
GML Coverage Description
JPEG 2000 Package
Coverage Geometry
GML can reference values within the containing JPX Pkg.
Coverage Value Description
Coverage Values
Values
Coverage Values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

21. Coverage Value Description
GML & JPEG Basics
GML Coverage Description
Coverage Geometry
Coordinate Reference System Definition
Units of Measure Definition
Coverage Value Description
Coverage Values
Can reference external definitions of CRS and Units of Measure
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

22. Geographic Image Metadata
External Metadata Description via ISO 19139, ISO 19115, FGDC, User Defined Schema etc.
GML Coverage Description
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value Description
Supports References to External Metadata Records
Coverage Values
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

23. Geographic Image Metadata
GML Coverage Description
Supports References to Internal Metadata Records
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value Description
Coverage Values
Internal Metadata Description via ISO 19139, ISO 19115, FGDC, User Defined Schema.
NITF TREs ?
Metadata (User Schema, ISO, FGDC etc)
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

24. Coverage Value Description
Annotating Images
GML Coverage Description
Target
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value Description
Coverage Values
GML can define annotation features in geographic or image coordinate systems.
Annotation Features
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

25. Annotating Images
GML Coverage Description
Target
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value Description
Coverage Values
GML can describe styling of the annotation – annotation appearance.
Annotation Features
Annotation Styling
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

26. Bundling Extracted Features
GML Coverage Description
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value Description
Coverage Values
Geographic Features
An integrated package bundling features & imagery
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

27. Bundling CRS & Unit Definitions
GML Coverage Description
CRS Definitions can be bundled with the image.
Units of Measure Definitions can be bundled with the image
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value Description
Coverage Values
Can Package and Ship CRS or Units Definitions
CRS Definition
Units Definition
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

28. GML Coverage Description
Instance Data
Dictionary Instance
Coverage App Schena
Feature App Schena
Annotation App Schema
Instance Schema (Static)
Dictionary Schema
Metadata Schema
gml coverage.xsd
gml dictionary.xsd
gml feature.xsd
gml units.xsd
gml valueObjects.xsd
gml crs.xsd
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

29. Applications to Geo-spatial Intelligence
Capture typical geographic imagery including
Rectified and non-rectified aerial and space borne imagery
Capture non-standard image types.
Define content standards across all image types – e.g. stereo pairs (aerial photographs), Ikonos etc.
Bundle annotation and imagery together.
Bundle features and imagery.
Support both connected and disconnected operations.
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

30. Applications to Geo-spatial Intelligence
Enhance data integrity – metadata, annotations, units of measure, CRS definitions travels with the data!
Facilitate automated extraction of metadata for image catalogues.
OGC Web Registry Service (Catalogue)
Image metadata
GML in JP2K
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

31. Universal image representation Image geometry and “radiometry”
Summary
Universal image representation
Image geometry and “radiometry”
Optical, radar, multi-spectral imagery.
Elevation, bathymetry, and weather data.
A final “image format” ?
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

32. GML Book First 8 chapters are introduction
Covers theory and application
Examples for DB and Legacy GIS
Published May 2004
See a review in Jan/Feb 2005 Issue of GIS Professional
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018

33. Questions
Powering the Geo-Web
November 21, 2018