1. Matter
I. Forms of Matter

2. What is Matter? Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
Mass- amount of material in an object
Everything has mass (even air)
Weight is due to gravity, and changes from location to location; mass is always constant.

3. Kinetic Molecular Theory
KMT
Particles of matter are always in motion.
causes thermal energy
The kinetic energy (speed) of these particles increases as temperature increases.

4. States of matter
Solid- matter that can not flow (definite shape) and has definite volume.
Liquid- definite volume but takes the shape of its container (flows).
Gas- a substance without definite volume or shape and can flow.

6. States of Matter Definite Volume? Definite Shape? Temp. increase
Com-pressible?
Small Expans.
Solid
YES
YES NO
Small Expans.
Liquid NO NO
YES
Large Expans.
Gas NO NO
YES

7. B. Four States of Matter Solids
very low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around
fixed shape
fixed volume

8. B. Four States of Matter Liquids
low KE - particles can move around but are still close together
variable shape
fixed volume

9. B. Four States of Matter Gases
high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container
variable shape
variable volume

10. B. Four States of Matter Plasma
very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-)
gas-like, variable shape & volume
stars, fluorescent light bulbs, CRTs

11. Actually there is a 5th phase
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE — a condensate that forms near absolute zero that has superconductive properties; Example: supercooled Rb gas

12. Types of Matter
Pure Substance- a particular kind of matter that is uniform (all the same) and has a definite composition. They are classified as elements & compounds
Water and gold
Mixture- more than one kind of matter; has a variable composition

13. Can it be physically separated?
A. Matter Flowchart
MATTER
yes no
Can it be physically separated?
MIXTURE
PURE SUBSTANCE
Is the composition uniform? no
yes
Can it be chemically broken down? no
yes
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
Colloids
Suspensions

14. Pure Substances Element composed of identical (1 type) atoms
Cannot be broken down to simpler substances
EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

15. Pure Substances Compound
composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
Can be broken down by chemical means
properties differ from those of individual elements
EX: table salt (NaCl), sugar (C6H12O6)

16. Pure Substances Law of Definite Composition
A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple Proportions
Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.

17. Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.
Pure Substances
For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.

18. Mixtures
Can be separated into at least two pure substances; variable composition. Every part keeps it’s own properties.
Heterogeneous- mixture is not uniform in composition
Chocolate chip cookie, gravel, soil.
Homogeneous- same composition throughout; called “solutions”
Kool-aid, chocolate milk, salt water

19. Mixtures Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous

20. Mixtures Solution Homogeneous very small particles no Tyndall effect
Uniform in appearance
very small particles
no Tyndall effect
Tyndall Effect
particles don’t settle
1 phase present at a time
EX: rubbing alcohol

21. Solutions Continued Mixed molecule by molecule
Can occur between any state of matter
gas in gas; liquid in gas; gas in liquid; solid in liquid; solid in solid (alloys), etc.

22. Solutions continued
Like all mixtures, they keep the properties of the components.
Some can be separated easily by physical means: rocks and marbles, iron filings and sulfur
Other methods: distillation- takes advantage of different boiling points (physical properties)
Chromatography: takes advantage of solubility.

23. Mixtures Colloid heterogeneous medium-sized particles Tyndall effect
particles don’t settle
Variable composition
2 or more physically distinct phases may be present
EX: milk

24. Mixtures Suspension heterogeneous large particles Tyndall effect
particles settle
Variable composition
2 or more physically distinct phases may be present
EX: fresh-squeezed lemonade

25. Compound or Mixture Compound Mixture Made of one kind of material
Made of more than
one kind of material
Made by a
chemical change
physical change
Definite
composition
Variable