1. Influencia del latín en la lengua inglesa. Préstamos y calcos
La romanización
Influencia del latín en la lengua inglesa.
Préstamos y calcos

2. Outer history
English (historical divisions)

3. Foreign influences

4. Teutonic language Germanic branch of IE Celtic Latin Scandinavian
Later additions
(borrowings)
Celtic
Latin
Scandinavian
French
Greek
etc.

5. PATER – FRATER – OCTO – PISCIS
OE eahta
fish
water
OE fisc
eight
bread
flesh
father
OE fader
can
milk
brother
OE broder
cognates: all of them
Grimm’s Law: new set of voiceless fricatives
PATER – FRATER – OCTO – PISCIS
Verner’s Law

6. Variation & change
Potential
Implementation
Diffusion

7. Variation & change (example)
Systemic development
Variation & change (example)
ON tacan
OE niman
potential
Co-existence
Died out
change
implementation

8. The Roman Conquest 55 BC Julius Caesar  invasion of Britain
Use of Latin: not so widespread  restricted to upper classes
Evidence: Chester, Manchester, Chichester, London (Londinium)

9. No standard language The Germanic Conquest
449: Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Frisians (Denmark, Low Countries)
Four kingdoms  dialectal areas
Northumbria
Mercian
West Saxon: King Alfred
Kentish
All varieties involved in the making of English as we know IT today
No standard language

10. Shakespeare wrote in Early Modern English
The periods of English
Old English ( ) or (≈ )
Middle English ( ) or ( )
Modern English (1500-C19TH)
Shakespeare wrote in Early Modern English
Present Day English
OE/King Alfred  se nama
ME/Chaucer  e naam (variants  i nam, i naim, e name
ModE/Shakespeare  the name (yet pronunciation has not changed entirely as we know it today.

11. Latin influences Stage 0 : The Romans & the Celts
Stage 1: Christianisation
Stage 2: The Germanic
Stage 3: The French & the Church

12. Chronology [ketSn] [kytSn] [kitSn] Palatalisation i-umlaut
castra  Chester
i-umlaut
cuquina  kitchen
Diphthongisation (Front)
caesus > caesi > ceasi > ciese
[kUkIna]>
[kykIna]>
[kytSIna]>
[kytSn]>
[ketSn]
kechen
[kytSn]
kuchen
[kitSn]
kichen/kychen
[kytSn]>

13. The Celts (Latin)
Place names  castra

14. Christianisation (Latin)
Apostle nun cabbage
Pope offer lentil
Archbishop organ pear
Bishop synod raddish
Priest relic lobster
Abbot temple mussel
Shrine tunic myrrh
Mass apostle pine
Alms pope savory
Altar spend school
Angel exchange grammar
Candle dictate title
Canon turn laurel
Cleric verse cucumber
Deacon meter plaster
Disciple accent medicine
Hymn history scorpion
Litany paper paralysis
Martyr term coriander

15. Germanic tribes (Latin)
Battle: camp, weall, mil, straet
Trade: pund, mynet (coin), ceap (cheap)
Domestic: mese, cuppe, disc
Food: cisten (chestnut), pise (pea)
Arts: cealc (chalk), tigele (tile)
Miscellaneous: cirice, biscop, casere

16. The Norman Conquest French influence

17. Latin influence in the Middle and beyond
Through French
Through Literature & Church
Terms related to medicine, fashion, meals, theology, literature, learning, etc
Synonyms at three levels
Other Romance languages

18. Influencia del francés en la lengua inglesa. Préstamos y calcos
La conquista normanda
Influencia del francés en la lengua inglesa.
Préstamos y calcos

19. Influence on ME syntax A thynge inmortal, poem unlimited (Hamlet)
The which (el cual)
come singing (inf. + gerund)
Massive use of prepositions
Prepositional phrases: by cause, in fact
Do: How does my lord?
Do as causative
Take + lexical item: take advantage, take leave
Mes corps  me, you, etc. Later, somebody, anybody, etc.

20. Stages of French influence
First stage: before & during C13TH
Decay of the English Language
Second stage: after & during C13TH
Rise & Triumph of the English Language

21. Vocabulary Couplets Synonyms at three levels
Knowledge of classical languages
Ink-horn terms controversy