1. The Vertebrate
Anatomy

2. Vertebral Column About 70 cm long in adult
5 major divisions (cervival, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)

4. Intervertebral Discs Act as shock absorbers
Allow spine to flex and extend
25% of spine

5. Disc Damage Herniated disc Rupture of annulus fibrosus
Protrusion of spongy nucleus pulposus
Treatment: moderate exercise, massage, heat therapy, painkillers, removal

6. Cervical Vertebrate Seven (C1-C7) C3-C7 have same characteristics
C1-C2 special

7. Thoracic Vertebrate
12 of them  T1-T12
Body is heart shaped

8. Lumbar Vertebrate
Receives the most stress
L1-L5

9. Secrum
S1-S5

10. Coccyx
Tailbone
Useless bone (slight support of pelvic organs)

11. Vertebral Column Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis
Curvature in thoracic region
Kyphosis
Hunchback
Lordosis
Swayback, in order to keep balance bend back backwards