1. Volume 41, Issue 3, Pages 377-383 (September 2004)
High-fat enteral nutrition reduces endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and gut permeability in bile duct-ligated rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock 
Misha D.P. Luyer, Wim A. Buurman, M'hamed Hadfoune, Jan A. Jacobs, Cornelis H.C. Dejong, Jan Willem M. Greve 
Journal of Hepatology 
Volume 41, Issue 3, Pages (September 2004)
DOI: /j.jhep

2. Fig. 1
Experimental protocol. Seven days before hemorrhagic shock, bile duct ligation was performed (1). At −18 h before hemorrhagic shock, rats were starved overnight or fed via oral gavage (2), 45 min before withdrawal of blood anaesthesia was given and a femoral artery catheter inserted (3), at t=0 hemorrhagic shock was induced (4); after 50 min the femoral artery catheter was removed and the wound was closed (5); 90 min after t=0 rats were sacrificed. A liquid enteral nutrition (low-fat or high-fat) was administered in the fed groups, at −18 h (3 ml), −2 h (0.75 ml) and −45 min (0.75 ml).
Journal of Hepatology  , DOI: ( /j.jhep )

3. Fig. 2
Bile duct ligation resulted in a decreased absorption of triacylglycerol. High-fat enteral nutrition in non-ligated controls (NL) significantly increased plasma triacylglycerol compared to fasted non-ligated rats, *P< Bile duct ligation caused a fat malabsorption illustrated by significantly lower plasma triacylglycerol levels compared with NL controls fed with high-fat nutrition, #P< High-fat nutrition in BDL-rats led to significantly elevated triacylglycerol levels compared to low-fat pretreated BDL-rats (**P=0.006, (Bonferroni corrected)) and fasted BDL-rats (†P<0.001, (Bonferroni corrected)) before hemorrhagic shock. Plasma triacylglycerol levels in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats that were fasted or that received low-fat nutrition were near detection level and comparable with those of non-ligated normal controls (NL-control) before hemorrhagic shock (HS).
Journal of Hepatology  , DOI: ( /j.jhep )

4. Fig. 3
Circulating endotoxin in bile duct-ligated rats after hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock (HS) resulted in a clear endotoxemia in fasted bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats compared to BDL-control rats, *P= Circulating endotoxin is significantly lower in the high-fat pretreated BDL-HS group compared to both the fasted (**P=0.003, (Bonferroni corrected)) and the low-fat pretreated group (†P=0.03, (Bonferroni corrected)). In BDL-HS rats fed with low-fat nutrition, endotoxin levels were significantly decreased compared to fasted BDL-HS rats (#P=0.024, (Bonferroni corrected)). Individual measurements are represented by median (solid line), 5th, 25th, 75th and 95th percentiles. A logarithmic Y-axis is used.
Journal of Hepatology  , DOI: ( /j.jhep )

5. Fig. 4
Circulating TNF-α in bile duct ligated rats after hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock (HS) resulted in a clear TNF-α response in fasted bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats compared to BDL-control rats, *P= Circulating TNF-α was significantly lower after hemorrhagic shock in the high-fat pretreated BDL-HS rats compared to the fasted BDL-HS group (**P=0.006, (Bonferroni corrected)). Individual measurements are represented by median (solid line), 5th, 25th, 75th and 95th percentiles. A logarithmic Y-axis is used.
Journal of Hepatology  , DOI: ( /j.jhep )

6. Fig. 5
ZO-1 distribution in ileum and colon. Immunolocalisation of ZO-1 (red) at a 400× magnification showed a regular distribution in the terminal ileum (A) and colon (B) of control rats that were starved for 18 h but not subjected to bile duct ligation and hemorrhagic shock. ZO-1 is localized in the upper part of enterocytes, showing a normal distribution in association with the cellular surface. Bile duct ligation did not change ZO-1 protein staining (ileum C and colon D) but bile duct ligation in fasted rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock led to a significant loss of ZO-1 in parts of both ileum (E) and colon (F). Moreover, the tissue was disrupted and disorganized. Also in tissue sections of BDL-rats fed with low-fat nutrition before hemorrhagic shock there was a clear ZO-1 protein loss in ileum and colon (G) and (H), although to a lesser extent compared to the BDL-HSS group. In contrast, in animals fed with the high-fat diet, ZO-1 distribution after hemorrhagic shock was regular, discrete and similar to that of control rats (I) and (J).
Journal of Hepatology  , DOI: ( /j.jhep )

7. Fig. 6
Leakage of HRP in ileum segments decreased after hemorrhagic shock in bile duct-ligated rats pretreated with high-fat nutrition. Leakage of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was significantly increased in fasted bile duct ligated (BDL) rats after hemorrhagic shock (HS) compared to BDL-control rats, *P= In BDL-HS rats fed with high-fat enteral nutrition before hemorrhagic shock, HRP leakage is strongly reduced compared to both the fasted (**P=0.003, (Bonferroni corrected)) and the low-fat treated BDL-HS rats (†P=0.003, (Bonferroni corrected)). In BDL-HS rats fed with low-fat nutrition, leakage of HRP is significantly decreased compared to fasted BDL-HS rats (#P=0.003, (Bonferroni corrected)). Individual measurements are represented by median (solid line), 5th, 25th, 75th and 95th percentiles.
Journal of Hepatology  , DOI: ( /j.jhep )