2. Forensic Anthropologists
assist medical and legal specialists as well as law enforcement officials by identifying the deceased.
examine hair, insects, plant materials and footprints
determine elapsed time
since death
create a facial reproduction

3. Forensic Anthropologists
also...
detect anatomical variants possible
analyze evidence of past injury and medical treatment 
provide expert opinion on the weapon(s) used and the number of blows sustained by the victim
Forensic anthropologists primarily identify the deceased persons using available evidence.

4. Osteobiography- the story of a life told by the bones.
When an unidentifiable human skeleton is found and no dental records are on record, the anthropologist then attempts to estimate age at death, sex, race, health and height as well as an overall osteobiography.
Osteobiography- the story of a life told by the bones.

5. Mandible
Sternum
Vertebrae
Patella

6. Male or
Female?

7. The Female Skull Bones are more smooth (gracile)
Bones are more smooth
(gracile)
The frontal bone of the skull is high and rounded
Upper edge of eye orbit is sharp
Eye orbits are usually round
Jaw is sloped (greater than 90o)
 (Slanting Ramus)
Chins are round or V-shaped
Lack of the occipital protuberance on the skull

8. The Male Skull Bones are more knobby, thicker, and rougher (robust)
The frontal bone of the skull is low and sloping 
Upper edge of eye orbit is blunt
Eye orbits are usually square
Jaw is square (90o) 
(Straight Ramus)
Chins are square
Presence of the occipital protuberance on the skull

10. The Female Pelvis Greater than 90o subpubic angle (Concave)
Greater than 90o subpubic angle
(Concave)
Rectangular cartilaginous pubis
Oval shaped pelvic cavity
Shorter, broader, outwardly curved sacrum.
Makes a larger angle with the femur
The surface will be scarred if the woman has been pregnant.

11. The Male Pelvis Less than 90o subpubic angle (convex) Triangular pubis
Less than 90o subpubic angle
(convex)
Triangular pubis
Heart shaped pelvic cavity
Longer, narrower, inwardly curved sacrum
Makes a straighter, smaller angle with the femur

12. Male
Female

13. Distinguishing
Race
Determining race from bones is very difficult due to intermarriage and physical trait differences become less prominent and harder to distinguish

14. The characteristics that vary between races are:
Shape of the eye sockets
Absence or prominence of a nasal spine
Measurements of the nasal index
width of the nasal opening x100
height of the opening

15. The characteristics that vary between races are:
Prognathism- the projection of the upper jaw, or maxilla, beyond the lower jaw

16. The characteristics that vary between races are:
Width of the Face
Angle of the jaw and face
Gap size under curvature of femur

17. Caucasiod Skull Rounded, vaguely square eye orbits
Prominent nasal spine 
nasal index < 0.48
Straight prognathism
Parabolic arch of maxilla

18. Mongoloid Skull Rounded, vaguely circular eye orbits
Somewhat prominent nasal spine
nasal index
variable prognathism
Rounded arch of maxilla

19. Negroid Skull Rectangular eye orbits Small nasal spine
nasal index > 0.53
prognathic prognathism
Hyperbolic arch of maxilla

20. Way of determining race without the skull and examining the femur
Causasoid- Fingers will fit under curvature of femur
Mongoloid- Fingers will fit under curvature of femur
Negroid- Fingers will not fit under curvature of femur