1. The Age of Exploration in the Americas

2. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

3. New Weapons Technology

4. Christofo Colon [ ]

5. Other Voyages of Exploration

6. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

7. Spanish Conquistadors
Soldier-explorers who settled in the Americas in hopes of finding treasure
Inspired by Columbus to seek fortune in the New World
Many came from the part of Spain called Extremadura.
poor soil, icy winters, & blistering hot summers held little chance for wealth
Hernan Cortes was born in this province

8. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

9. Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who reached Mexico in 1519 in search of treasure
arrived in Mexico with 550 soldiers, 16 horses, 14 canons, & a few dogs
group was met by Aztec emperor, Montezuma II

10. Cortes Defeats the Aztec
Cortes traveled 400 miles to reach Tenochitlan.
Montezuma did not attack right away because he first thought Cortes was Quetzalcoatl.
The Spanish were able to take control of the city & took Montezuma hostage.
Cortes ordered the Aztec to stop sacrificing people.

11. Cortes Defeats Aztec
Cortes’ orders angered Aztec and he planned a rebellion.
Fighting broke out & Montezuma was killed.
The Spanish were outnumbered, so they fled the city.
Before they could prepare a 2nd attack, smallpox broke out in Tenochitlan & greatly weakened the large Aztec empire.
1521--Spanish destroyed the Aztec capital.

12. The Death of Montezuma II

13. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

14. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

15. Francisco Pizarro Pizarro was also from the Extremadura.
He was not of noble birth; could not even write his name.
At age 16, Pizarro fled a job herding pigs in Italy.
1502--He arrived in the Americas and became very wealthy by exploring Panama.
heard a rumor that there was a great empire filled with gold in the mountains of South America

16. The Inca
1530s--Inca thought they ruled most of the world; two threats from the north proved they did not.
1.They couldn’t stop the spread of smallpox.
2. They couldn’t scare away Pizarro.

17. Pizarro Defeats the Inca
Spanish messengers invited Atahualpa to a meeting.
He agreed & left most of his army behind--brought only 5,000 bodyguards.
Pizarro’s 160 soldiers attacked the Inca & kidnapped Atahualpa.
Pizarro offered to free Atahualpa if he filled one room with gold & one with silver.
Atahualpa kept his end of the bargain, but Pizarro killed him in 1533.

18. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

19. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

20. Treasures from the Americas!

21. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

22. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

23. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

24. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

25. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

26. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

27. European Empires in the Americas

28. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

29. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

30. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

31. New Colonial Rivals

32. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

33. 5. New Patterns of World Trade