1. The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires
Chapter 20 (p )

2. The Ming Empire, 1500 - 1644 Decline of the Ming Climatic change
Led to famine, then peasant revolts
Nomadic Invasion
The Mongols… again
Mongols worked with Tibet
Named Tibetan leader “universal teacher” or Dalai Lama
Decline of Silk Roads
Inept rulers
Peasant revolts

3. Ming Collapse & Rise of the Qing
1644, Ming formed alliance with Manchus to defeat Japanese and quell rebellions
Manchus used opportunity to seize China and Korea
Headed the Qing Dynasty

4. The Early Qing Empire Strong rule until 1750 Used Mandate of Heaven
Continued use of Chinese examination system
Recruited military and bureaucratic professions
Manchus (new elites) maintained ethnic identity:
No intermarriage b/t Chinese & Manchus
Chinese forbidden from learning Manchurian language
Required Chinese males to shave heads & grow queues to show submission

5. The Early Qing Dynasty Land-based “Gunpowder Empire”
Brief “Golden Age”
Kangxi: the philosopher king
Publically performed Confucian rituals as a way to legitimize rule
Qianlong: actually cancelled taxes on several occasions
Peasant labor (silk production) increased

6. Trading Companies & Missionaries
Dutch were the main European traders in East Asia
Catholic missionaries (Matteo Ricci) attempted to convert Chinese intellectuals and elite
Limited success (under Kangxi)
Adopted Catholicism to Chinese cultural traditions
Pope condemned “ancestry worship”

7. Tea and Diplomacy European trade restricted to Canton
Easier for Qing to maintain strict trade restrictions
English sought more trading rights
Qing were producing tea, silk, porcelain, etc.
Middle Kingdom view was wary of contact