1. Recreational Water Quality Standards, Bacteria Monitoring Chesapeake Bay Program Living Res. Analysis Workgroup Tidal Monitoring Analysis Workgroup March 9, 2007
Frequently, presenters must deliver material of a technical nature to an audience unfamiliar with the topic or vocabulary. The material may be complex or heavy with detail. To present technical material effectively, use the following guidelines from Dale Carnegie Training®.
Consider the amount of time available and prepare to organize your material. Narrow your topic. Divide your presentation into clear segments. Follow a logical progression. Maintain your focus throughout. Close the presentation with a summary, repetition of the key steps, or a logical conclusion.
Keep your audience in mind at all times. For example, be sure data is clear and information is relevant. Keep the level of detail and vocabulary appropriate for the audience. Use visuals to support key points or steps. Keep alert to the needs of your listeners, and you will have a more receptive audience.

2. Technical & Regulatory Services Administration
Kathy Brohawn
Technical & Regulatory Services Administration
Maryland Department of Environment
In your opening, establish the relevancy of the topic to the audience. Give a brief preview of the presentation and establish value for the listeners. Take into account your audience’s interest and expertise in the topic when choosing your vocabulary, examples, and illustrations. Focus on the importance of the topic to your audience, and you will have more attentive listeners.

3. Who establishes bacteria guidelines?
Under the Clean Water Act, Maryland must adopt water quality standards
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for developing sound, scientifically defensible standards and guide lines that support state water quality programs
It is a public process that includes input from stake holders

4. Who establishes bacteria guidelines?
Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act, 2000
April MDE promulgated interim water quality standards for bacteria allowing use of enterococcus and E. coli as indicator, but still allowing fecal coliform
April 2004 – MDE promulgated new regulations, adopting EPA’s 1986 criteria for bacteria for Enterococci and E. coli

6. Why use “indicators” when monitoring bacteriological water quality?
Too many pathogens (bacteria: E. coli, Salmonella,shigella, vibrios; viruses: Norwalk, Polio, Hepatitis; Protozoa: cryptosporidium, giardia)
Dose/response is unknown and found in relatively small numbers in the environment
Lab methods expensive and lengthy

7. Why use “indicators” when monitoring bacteriological water quality?
Provide evidence of recent fecal contamination from warm blooded animals
Used to screen for a large set of pathogens

8. Characteristics of an Ideal Indicator Organism
Only present when human pathogens are present
Present in greater numbers than pathogens
Resistance to environmental conditions greater or the same as pathogens
Easily detected, counted, identified
Density of indicator related to known human health risk

9. Characteristics of an Ideal Indicator Organism
Differentiates between micro flora of public health significance and those with little or no significance
Does not multiply in the environment
Applicable to all types of water bodies

10. Assumptions
Indicators measured have the same (fecal) origin and therefore present the same public health risk
Indicators do not multiply in the environment
Indicators die off a the same rate as pathogens in the water column
Indicators are always from a fecal source

11. Limitations of Indicator
E. Coli and Enterococci found in plant matter
Under certain conditions, can reproduce in the environment
Does not distinguish between human and non-human or non- fecal sources
Established bacteria limits assume bacteria measured is associated with human sewage

12. Limitations of Criteria
Based on studies conducted in sewage contaminated waters
Measures relative risk to swimmers, not pollution
Observed relationship (densities of indicator : rates of illness) may not be valid if the size of the population contributing fecal wastes becomes too small or too large
Developed based on full exposure and head immersion

13. Human Health Risk Risk is greater if source is human vs. non- human
Risk is greater from poorly treated effluent from a sewage treatment plant vs. a few failing septic systems
Although we know there is a risk associated with wildlife and other non-human sources, we do not have the information available to measure it
Is there a risk if source is soil, decaying plant matter, or re-growth?

14. Human Health Risk
Risk is greater for immuno-compromised individuals (elderly and very young)
Indicator levels are elevated following a rain event, which may increase risk
Swimming in natural waters is not risk free regardless of monitoring efforts for indicator bacteria

15. Know the Source
Three most significant sources 1) combined sewers, 2)untreated waste water, 3)bather contamination
Wastes from pets, farm animals, and improper manure management from pastures or when spread on crop fields
Wildlife is a source of bacteria contamination to surface waters
Indicator bacteria can be found in decaying plant matter, soils, and sediments

16. What do these numbers mean and what do we do about them?
Measure of health risk to swimmers, best understood with understanding of land based activities that could cause elevated bacteria levels in the water
Prevent sewer overflows
Maintain septic systems
Clean up after pets
Report poor manure management practices

17. Shellfish Harvesting Waters
MDE is responsible for classifying shellfish harvesting waters in Maryland
Maryland and Virginia classify shellfish harvesting waters in the same way
National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP), a national cooperative program to foster and promote shellfish sanitation through the cooperation of state and federal control agencies, the shellfish industry, and the academic community.

18. Sanitary Survey Used to Classify Shellfish Harvesting Waters
Bacterial water quality monitoring
Indicator used for shellfish harvesting waters is fecal coliform or total coliform, US Food & Drug Administration
Identifying sources of potential and actual pollution
Hydrographic characteristics of shellfish harvesting areas
General land-use patterns

19. References
Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Bacteria – 1986; US EPA 440/ January
Health Based Monitoring of Recreational Waters: The Feasibility of a New Approach (“The Annapolis Protocol”) The Outcome of Expert Consultation; Annapolis, USA Cosponsored by USEPA World Health Organization WHO/SDE/WSH/
National Beach Guidance and Required Performance Criteria for Grants; US EPA-823-B : July
Guide For The Control Of Molluscan Shellfish

20. Questions?