2. During the Industrial Age, the middle-class nuclear family lived in a large house with a parlor or perhaps in one of the new apartment houses. Rooms were crammed with large overstuffed furniture, and paintings and photograph lined the walls. Clothing reflected middle-class tastes for luxury and respectability. For the first time, women began spending more time buying household items than producing them. Women shopped at stores and through mail-order catalogs (below) that were geared toward attracting their business. Books, magazines, and popular songs supported a cult of domesticity that idealized women and the home. Sayings like “home, sweet home” were stitched into needlework and hung on parlor walls. The ideal women was seen as a tender, self0sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband to escape from the hardships of the working world. However, the ideal rarely applied to the lower classes. Working class women labored for low pay in garment factories or worked as domestic servants.

3. Chapter 9: Life in the Industrial Age (1800-1914) Section 3: Changing Attitudes and Values
Objectives:
Explain the values that shaped the new social order.
Understand how women and educators sought change.
Learn how science challenged existing beliefs.
How did the Industrial Revolution change the old social order and long-held traditions in the Western world?

4. Terms and People
Cult of domesticity – a message put forth by books, magazines, and popular songs that idealized women and the home
Temperance movement – a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages
Elizabeth Cady Stanton – a reformer who helped organize a movement for women’s rights
Women’s suffrage – women’s right to vote
Sojourner Truth – an African American suffragist
John Dalton – an English Quaker schoolteacher who developed modern atomic theory in the early 1800s, showing that each element has its own kind of atoms
Charles Darwin – the British naturalist who in 1859 published On the Origin of Species, in which he set forth the theory of evolution through natural selection
Racism – the belief that one racial group is superior to another
Social gospel – a movement that urged Christians to social service

5. The new upper class, a mix of aristocrats and wealthy entrepreneurs
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, there were only two main social classes: nobles and peasants. This changed in the 1800s.
The new upper class, a mix of aristocrats and wealthy entrepreneurs
The growing middle class and lower middle class
Workers and peasants
Three social classes emerged by the late 1800s. 5

6. As the middle class developed its own tastes and values, the role of women changed.
A code of etiquette guided behavior, child-rearing, and dress.
Women had previously helped to run family businesses, but now men went off to work.
A cult of domesticity emerged, encouraging women to stay home.
This ideal rarely applied to the lower classes, in which women often worked outside the home.

7. Some women worked to change the restrictions placed upon them.
They sought fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws.
Many women’s groups also supported the temperance movement, viewing alcohol as a threat to the home.
The struggle for political rights, including women’s suffrage, posed the biggest challenge.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Sojourner Truth were two leaders of the movement in the United States.

9. Industrialized societies needed educated, literate workers.
More governments set up public schools supported by taxes.
University education also expanded.
Some reformers sought greater educational opportunities for women.

10. Scientists challenged long-held beliefs.
Breakthrough
John Dalton
Showed that each element has its own kind of atoms.
Charles Lyell
Showed that the Earth had formed over millions of years.
Charles Darwin
In his book On the Origin of Species, explained how species could evolve through natural selection.

11. Darwin’s theory of evolution grew out of observations he made while traveling on the HMS Beagle.
Darwin’s ideas were controversial. Some church leaders argued that his theories contradicted the Bible.

12. Some people used Darwin’s theory of natural selection to support their own beliefs about society.
Social Darwinists, for example, contended that industrial tycoons were more “fit” than those they put out of business.
Some argued that victory in war or business was proof of superiority, a view that encouraged racism.

13. Religion continued to be a major force in society at this time.
Christian and Jewish organizations pushed for reforms to help the working poor.
Some churches opened schools.
Many Protestant churches promoted the social gospel, which urged Christians to social service.
How did the Industrial Revolution change the old social order and long-held traditions in the Western world?
The Industrial Revolution brought challenges to the social order in the Western world.
These challenges included demands for women’s rights, the rise of the middle class, and breakthroughs in science.