1. Chapter 7: Becoming a World Power Section 3: New American Diplomacy
Pages:

2. The Open Door Policy
1894: Japan goes to war against China for Korea; Japan wins by using western technology
Japan received Manchuria, which bordered Russia
Russia demanded China lease Manchuria to Russia; Germany, France, Britain became the center of a country’s sphere of influence, an area where a foreign nation controlled economic development

3. Secretary of State Jon Hay
President McKinley and Hay supported an open-door policy, in which all countries would be allowed to trade with China.
Counties with leaseholds in China were asked not to discriminate against other nations wanting to do business in the sphere of influence
All nations accepted it, but would not act on it unless of the others agreed.

4. The Boxer Rebellion
Secret Chinese societies organized to fight foreign control.
Society of Harmonious Fists, as the Boxers , decided to destroy both the foreign development and their Chinese Christian converts
Boxers, supported by Chinese troops, sieged embassies in Beijing and Tianjin, killing the German ambassador
Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain, Japan, Russia, and the U.S. sent 50,000 troops to intervene
A set of Open Door Notes by Hay allowed for compensation for damages caused by the rebellion and closed the door on European colonies in China.

5. Balancing Power in East Asia
President Theodore Roosevelt supported the Open Door policy in China
Roosevelt helped negotiate peace to end the Russo-Japanese War of 1905
Russia recognized Japan’s new territory; Japan promised not to seek additional territory
Roosevelt won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1906
Began conflict between the United States and Japan

6. The Panama Canal
Roosevelt believed in a strong global military presence
U.S. and Great Britain signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, which gave the U.S. the exclusive right to build any canal in Central America
Two possible sites: Nicaragua or Panama
Hay offered Columbia $10 million and a yearly rent of $250,000 for the right to construct the canal in Panama
Columbia refused because they thought the price was too low and they did not want to lose Panama

7. Panama Revolts Panama had resented Columbian rule since the mid-1800s
French company worried the U.S. would build in Nicaragua, organized a small army
Panamanian rebels, with 10 U.S. war ships sitting off the Panama coast, launched an attack against Columbia
U.S. quickly recognized Panama as an independent country
Canal saved 8,000 nautical miles

8. The Roosevelt Corollary
Americans became concerned with the debt Latin American countries owed Europe
Venezuela defaulted on its debt; Germany, Britain, and Italy blocked Venezuelan ports
Roosevelt addressed Congress with the Roosevelt Corollary, stated the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere

9. Dollar Diplomacy
Taft believed that if American businesses were successful in Latin America everyone would benefit
Federal government worked to replace European debt with American debt
Bankers took control of debt in Honduras, Haiti, and Nicaragua

10. The Mexican Revolution
Mexico had become industrialized, but railroads and factories were owned by foreign investment
General Victoriano Huerta overthrows a democratic reformer Francisco Madero
President Wilson refuses to recognizes Huerta’s government because of the violent overthrow

11. Wilson Sends Troops Into Mexico
April 1914: American sailors arrested in Tampico for trespassing. Sailors released, but Mexico refused to apologize
German ship was unloading guns in Veracruz. Wilson used both incidents to overthrow Huerta.
Wilson orders the Navy to shell the harbor and sent in the Marines to seize the city.
Anti-American riots broke out, Venustiano Carranza, whose forces acquired American arms, becomes president

12. Pancho Villa
Mexican forces were not appeased and opposed Carranza, began raiding U.S. border cities
March 1916: Villa and a group of guerillas--- an armed band that uses surprise attacks and sabotage rather than open warfare
Burned the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killed 16 Americans

13. Wilson’s Response
Wilson sent 6,000 troops under General John J. Pershing to capture and kill Villa
Escalating war in Europe forced Pershing to abandon the mission
Shows U.S. failed foreign policy in the wake of imperialism