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Organic Chemistry
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When you hear the word “organic” what comes to mind?
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What is organic chemistry?
*Mostly found or produced in nature or any living things (biomolecule) *Usually a chain or rings of carbon atoms *Typically carbon bonding to itself, and other non-metals (H2, N2, O2, S and halogens) Exceptions: carbonates (CO, CO2, Na2CO3) and oxides
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Carbon Bonding * # valence electrons allow for a
How many valence electron for a carbon? * # valence electrons allow for a very stable structure. *Most basic is a hydrocarbon (ex. ____NAME__ CH4 with a tetrahedral shape) *Allows for variety of allotropes: (1)diamond—strong (2)graphite– soft (3)fullerenes--spherical
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Organic Chem Notes Chp *Define key vocabulary terms, simplify *For each type of alkanes, describe and sketch *Include Table 20.1 (skip the extended formula) Chp *Include Table 20.2 *Simplify and paraphrase rules for naming alkanes pg. 643 *Read the section, answer #4 and 5 pg. 648
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Front ---simplest hydrocarbons, saturated Formula: C-C (single bond) Suffix: –ane Example: Ethane Alkanes Inside 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec Based on the table above, draw a methane and an ethane compounds. Using the same table, create a propane structure.
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Alkene Alkyne Formula: C=C (double bond) Suffix: –ene Example: Butene
Front Inside Formula: C=C (triple bond) Suffix: –yne Example: Hexyne -- Alkyne
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Attachments or Side Chains
ALKYLS # of Carbons Methyl 1 Ethyl 2 Propyl 3 Butyl 4 HALOGENS NAME Cl Chloro Br Bromo F Fluoro I Iodo
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Rules for Naming Alkanes
Find longest chain write name # parent C- chain lowest # for the attachment Name attachment (see alkyls or halogen table) Indicate which Carbon (#) attachment is found Multiple attachments that are the same type state # using prefix (ex. di, tri) #-prefix-alkyl (alphabetized)-base alkane
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#1 #2 #3 #4
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3-methyl pentane 3-ethyl-2-methyl pentane 3,4-dimethyl hexane 2,2,3-trimethyl butane
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Alkenes and Alkynes (Chp.20.7)
--- double and triple bonds in a hydrocarbon chain --- rules are similar to alkanes except: *-ene for double bonds *-yne for triple bonds *# of where multiple bonds use lowest
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Practice: Name the following
#1 #2
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ANSWER #1 #2 3-methyl-1-butene 2,2-dimethyl -1-propene
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Alkene and Alkynes Practice Problems: Draw the structure
1.) 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene 2.) 4-methyl-2-pentene 3.) 3-methyl-1-pentyne 4.) 6-ethyl-2-octyne 5.) 2-iodo-3,4-diethyl-4-methyl-2-hexene 6.) 2-bromo-4-ethyl-5,6-dimethyl-4-octyne Bromo-5-Ethyl-6-Propyl-5,8-decene
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CLASS ACTIVITY: Functional Groups Note Cards page 660-670
General Formula Examples Naming Rules/ Properties/Uses Amines Ethers Alcohols Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acid Esters
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Amines *Formula: *Example: Ethylamine * Naming: * Properties:
suffix use --amine Front Very similar to ammonia, reactive to water Inside
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Alcohol *Formula: R -OH
*Example: Ethanol * Properties: product of distillation *Formula: R -OH Alcohol *Naming: suffix use --ol Front Inside
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Ethers *Formula: *Example: Methyl Propyl Ether *Naming: * Uses:
naming each of the two carbon groups as a separate word followed by a space and the word ether. Front Diethyl ether was once used extensively as an anesthetic Inside
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Ester O *Formula: R-C-O-R’ *Example: Methyl Ethanoate
*Naming: The shorter C- chain will be the side group, the longer will be the main name with suffix –oate Front Inside
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Aldehydes O *Formula: R-C-H *Example: Propanal * Naming: * Properties:
suffix use --al Front Found at the end of C-chains Inside
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Ketones O *Formula: R-C-R’
*Example: 2-pentanone * Naming: * Properties: *Formula: R-C-R’ Ketones suffix use --none Front Found in the middle of chain Inside
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Carboxylic Acid O *Formula: R-C-O-H
*Example: Pentanoic Acid * Naming: * Properties: *Formula: R-C-O-H Carboxylic Acid suffix use --oic Front Some common named compounds include formic acid and acetic acid Inside
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CLASS ACTIVITY: Functional Group Notecards
Create the rest of the cards using the same set up for each functional group. Use your textbook for resource. (NOTE: create your cards by cutting out a printer paper into 8 equal size note cards) Per. 1-3– page Per. 4-6—page *Remaining Functional Groups: Alcohols/Aldehydes/Ketones/Carboxylic Acid/Esters
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What is an isomer? *Using your materials create a saturated (4 bonds) hexane structure. * Rearrange your hexane and create an isomer. Original stucture is called n-hexane but isomers can be called isohexane
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Naming Alkanes: Practice Problems
Pt. I: Draw the following alkanes 1.) 2,3-dimethylhexane 2.) 3-ethyl-4-dimethylheptane 3.) 5-ethyl-3-methyloctane 4.) 7-butyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyldecane Pt. II: Name the following alkanes 6. 5.
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Check Practice Problem pg. 648
4. a. 3-methylheptane b and c. 2,3-dimethylbutane d. 2,3,4- trimethylheptane 5. Isomers of C8H18
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Create Flash Cards/ Playing Cards
DRAW EACH ONE Methane CH4 METHYL DRAW Ethane C2H6 ETHYL Propane C3H8 PROPYL Butane C4H10 ISOPROPYL Pentane C5H12 BUTYL Hexane C6H14 ISOBUTYL Heptane C7H16 Octane C8H18 ALKANE HYDROCARBON/ SINGLE BONDS Nonane C9H20 ALKENE HYDROCARBON/ DOUBLE BONDS Decane C10H22 ALKYNE HYDROCARBON/ TRIPLE BONDS
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Flow Chart to determine functional groups
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Practice Problem: Identify what type of functional group and name the structure
(alcohol) 2-butanol (ester) Ethyl propanoate (amines) methylamine (carboxylic acid) ethanoic acid
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5. 6. 7. 8. 5. (aldehyde) ethanal 6. (ethers) ethyl methyl ether
5. (aldehyde) ethanal 6. (ethers) ethyl methyl ether 7. (ketone) 3- pentanone 8. (aldehyde) propanal
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Create functional group structures
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AROMATICS BENZENE RING– distinct smell/ 6-carbon ring/ one one plane
Ethyl benzene Propyl benzene 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT)
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Other Aromatic
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POLYMERS Repeating monomers or smaller subunits
Organic substances and synthetic substances What are some examples of polymers?
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Examples Ex. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, plastic, rayon, styrofoam etc.
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Symbol Type of material Polyethylene terephalate (PET or PETE) High density polyethylene (HDPE) Polyvinyl chloride (V or Vinyl or PVC) Low density polyethylene (LDPE) Polypropylene(PP) Polystyrene (PS) Other
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Article: Thirsty Polymers
What polymer is used in baby diapers and simulates the inside portion of cactus? What is the potential amount of water that can be absorbed by this polymer. List 5 common examples of polymers? Explain how this polymer is able to absorb water (include the discussion of cross-linkers) 4. If the water is a salt solution, how would this affect the absorption capability. Explain. 5. What are the other uses of this polymer (in use and in development)?
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