1. Immanuel Kant’s An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?
CVSP 203
Dr. Nadia Bou Ali

3. What is Enlightenment? (1784)
Think for ourselves
Think from the standpoint of everyone else
Think always consistently
understanding+ judgment= maxim of reason

4. Kaspar Hauser by Werner Herzog (1974)

6. The Parallax View of Enlightenment Critique versus Reflection: Diego Velázquez’ Les Meninas (1656) and Rene Magritte’s The Human Condition (1933) painting as window and not as mirror, thought is not mere representation
The apparent displacement of an object (the shift of its position against a background) caused by a change in observational position provides a new line of site – in the above image of Les Meninas it is not that the observed difference arises from the position you view from– the mirror in the image or the position you are looking from–the transcendental position is not reducible to either positions, but can be understood as the back of the canvas itself, the blind spot that knots the whole image together, that returns the gaze in the mirror. Sure the picture Les Meninas is in my eye, but I am also in the picture itself. the subject’s gaze is included in object itself, Magritte’s Human condition complements this previous picture
where is the blind spot

8. Enlightenment not only as an image of Light but of speech and discourse: (selections from Kant’s What is Enlightenment?)
Enlightenment is mankind’s exit from self-incurred immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to make use of one’s own understanding without the guidance of another.
I have a book that has understanding for me, a pastor who has a conscience
for me, a doctor who judges my diet for me, and so forth, surely I do not
need to trouble myself. I have no need to think, if only I can pay; others
will take over the tedious business for me. Those guardians, who have graciously taken up the oversight of mankind, take care that the far greater
part of mankind (including the entire fairer sex) regard the step to maturity
as not only difficult but also very dangerous .

9. Oedipus and the Sphinx, Gustave Moreau , 1864