1. Chapter 1 – The Science of Biology
Edwin P. Davis, M.Ed.

2. What is Science ?
Science is an organize way of using evidence learned about the natural world.
The goal of science is to investigate and understand the worlds around you with explanations that make predictions about events in the natural world.

3. What is Science?
The basic approach to research in science is called observation. An observation is the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful & orderly manner.

4. What is Science?
Inferences are logical interpretations based on prior knowledge or experience.
Inferences allow scientist to predict possible outcomes to experiments or observations based on their accurate observations or academic or professional experiences.

5. Interpreting Evidence
Scientist explain events in nature by using logical and analytical approaches called an Hypothesis.
A hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.

6. The Scientific Method
A scientific method is a well organized set of investigation procedures used by scientist according to a specific pattern or protocol.
The scientific method is an organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information with others.

7. 6 Steps in the scientific method
Ask a question
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Analyze the data
Draw a conclusion
Repeat the experiment

8. Step One
Ask a question: Asking a question helps identify what type of problem is to be solved.

9. Step Two
Gather Information – People usually gather information about a particular event through the use of encyclopedias, scientific journals, textbooks, internet, and other sources.

10. Step Three Form a Hypothesis:
A hypothesis is a possible scientific explanation for a problem by using what you know and observed.
A hypothesis is a proposed answer to a question.

11. Step Four Test the Hypothesis
Hypothesis are usually tested through experiments, observations, and model building.

12. Step five
Interpreting the data and analyzing the observations is an important step.
If the data are not organized in a logical manner, wrong conclusions can be drawn

13. Step six
Based on the analysis of your data, you decide whether or not your hypothesis is supported.
For the hypothesis to be considered valid and widely accepted, the experiment must result in the exact same data every time it is repeated.

14. Experimental Variables
A variable is any factor in an experiment that can change.
A independent variable - (Manipulated) is a factor you change in an experiment to determine the affect on the dependent variable.
A dependent variable (responding) is a factor that changes as a result of changes in other variables.

15. Experimental Controls
A controlled experiment is an experiment in which all the variables are kept unchanged.
Controlled experiments are used to test only one variable at a time in an experiment.

16. Variables
The independent variable is typically the variable representing the value being manipulated or changed.
The dependent variable is the observed.
The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured in an experiment

17. A control is the standard by which the test results can be compared.
Constants and Controls
A factor that does not change when other variables change is called a constant.
A control is the standard by which the test results can be compared.
Plant
Amount of Water
Amount of Sun
Fertilizer Type
Height after two weeks A
4 oz. every three days
6hr/day
16cm B
14cm C
18cm D
none
10cm 17 17

18. Controlled Experiment:
An experiment in which an observer tests a hypothesis by looking for changes brought on by alterations to a variable.

20. Interpret predict to give or provide the meaning of; explain
to declare or tell in advance; prophesy; foretell:
to foretell the future; make a prediction.

21. Replicate folded; bent back on itself. bend or fold back:
to repeat, duplicate, or reproduce, especially for experimental purposes.
something that is replicated, as an experiment or procedure

22. Analyze : to examine critically, so as to bring out the essential elements or give 

23. spontaneous generation
abiogenesis, the hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter; 

25. What is an observation?
A. When you observe, you become aware of something using one of your senses. Your five senses are smell, taste, sight, touch, and sound. I an observation you simply describe something as it appears. An observation is a statement describing a fact.

26. Parts of an Orange

27. Parts of an Orange

28. Observation
In the space below, record 5 observations about your science classroom. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

29. Qualitative Observation
B. Sometimes scientists must make very careful observations. Often their senses are not good enough. There are some things that cannot be observed using just your senses. (Examples: radiation, sound waves, planets, cells, etc.)

30. Can you think of ways that scientists have solved this problem
Can you think of ways that scientists have solved this problem? How can scientists extend their senses?
Microscopes, Telescopes, satellites, etc.

31. What is an inference?
A. When you infer, you make a mental judgment based on observations. Inferences cannot be directly observed. They require thought. For example, if you get up in the morning, look up at the sky and observe dark clouds, observe the air is cool and humid, and observe puddles on the ground, you might infer that it has recently rained. Note: you did not see rain; you decided that it rained based on your observations. An inference is a statement based on your interpretation of the facts.

32. List 3 inferences about the classroom1. 2. 3.

33. Inference Vs. Observations
Inferences
That plant is extremely wilted due to a lack of water.
The car stooped running because it was out of gas.
The sox are leading there division because they are playing well right now.
Observations
That plant is extremely wilted.
The car stopped running
The Sox are leading there division

34. More examples What observations can we make about this picture?
What can we infer based on this picture?

35. What observations can we make from these pictures?

36. Inference Vs. Observations

37. Inference Vs. Observations

38. Tracks in the Snow
Observation 1
Observation 2
Observation 3

39. 7 Characteristics of Living Things
Essential Question: “What makes something living?”

40. 1. Cell Theory
Theory in biology that says all living things are composed of cells
All cells must come from other cells
Does not support abiogenesis
Schleiden and Schwann

41. 2. Reproduce Reproduce one of two ways 1) asexual – no mating required
2) sexual – requires two parents

42. 3. Based on a genetic code Either has DNA and/or RNA
Determines the organisms characteristics

43. 4. Grow and Develop Unicellular – usually just increase in size
Multicellular – most go through stages of development

44. 5. Use materials and Energy
Take in nutrients and materials to grow
Process of using materials and energy is called metabolism
Plants use energy from the sun to produce food (photosynthesis)

45. 6. Respond to their environment
Respond to a stimulus (something which causes a reaction) in their environment to change
Can be external or internal

46. 7. Maintain internal balance
Homeostasis – internal balance inside an organism
pH, temperature, water levels

47. - Light Microscope - Electron Microscope
Tools of Biology
- Light Microscope
- Electron Microscope

48. Light Microscope Most commonly used
Can produce clear images of objects at 1000X
Compound light microscope uses two lenses to form an image (we will use these)

49. Compound Microscope

50. 1. Eyepiece
3. Arm
4. Nosepiece
5. Stage Clips
6. Objectives
9. Stage
10.Coarse Adjustment Knob
11.Diaphragm
12. Light Source
13. Fine Adjustment Knob
14. Power Switch
15. Base

51. Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope
Passes electrons through a specimen
Cholera
Algae
Sea Urchin

52. Electron Microscope (con.)
Scanning Electron Microscope
Sends beams of electrons across the surface to “map” surface of specimen
Cholera
Ant
Sea Urchin Cells

53. M I C R O S C O P E S Microscope Types:
Before Microscopes: sick because cursed or punished for bad deed
Microscope Types:
Simple light – 1st type
1 lens Energy Source light
LOW magnification power
2. Compound Light
2+ lenses Energy source light
Lens= 10 Objective = 4
Total Magnification = 40
Up to about 1500 X’s
Electron Microscopes
Uses beam of electrons
Magnify up to 500,000 X’s
M I C R O S C O P E S
Microscope 
tool used to look at small
organisms
Micro – small
Scope – to look at
Microscopes allow US to see cells!
Cell basic unit of life
SEM
scanning e-microscope
surface
TEM
transmission e-microscope
inside

54. Simple Light Microscope

55. Compound Light Microscope

56. SEM – Scanning Electron Microscope

57. TEM - Transmission Electron Microscope

58. Match the part with the letter
Parts: Objectives, Diaphragm, Lens, Coarse Adjustment, Light Source, Arm, Stage, Fine Adjustment
Fine Adjustment E. Stage
Lens F. Diaphragm
Light Source G. Objectives
Coarse Adjustment H. Arm
Answer Questions using Parts
1. __D__Used to bring objects into rapid focus first
2. __F__ Regulates the amount of light going through slide
3. __H__ Used to carry the microscope
4. __E__ Supports the slide
5. __A__ Turned to clear blurry pictures
Answer Questions:
How do you carry a microscope?- by the arm
If the lens is 10 and the objective is 4, what is the total magnification?- 40

59. What Is Magnification on a Microscope?
Definition - Magnification on a microscope refers to the amount or degree to which the object observed is enlarged.
It is measured by multiples, such as 4x, 10x and 40x, indicating that the object is enlarged to twice as big, four times as big or 10 times as big, respectively.

60. Total Microscope Magnification
Total Magnification = Objective Lens X Eyepiece