1. Starter
Which factors are significant to the development of surgery and anatomy throughout history?

2. Surgery and anatomy through the ages
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

3. Prehistoric Era No written evidence so we have very little knowledge.
Archaeologists have discovered Prehistoric skulls which have been trephined to allow evil spirits to be released.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

4. The Egyptian era
Some knowledge of the inside of the body. Preserved the organs in special jars. Did not cut up the body to find out more, as this would have prevented it from going to the after-life.
Carried out simple operations, such as the cutting away of tumours. Descriptions recorded in papyrus medical books.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

5. The Greek era
Dissected dead animals. Thought that the bone structure of the human body was like that of an animal.
Carried out minor operations. Surgical tools have been found.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

6. The Roman era
Galen dissected apes and pigs. He thought that humans had the same anatomy, which was only partly true. Supported by the Church and his writings blindly followed for 1,500 years, even though he had made many mistakes. No one challenged his ideas until the Renaissance.
Surgeons carried out operations on the battlefield. The remains of military hospitals and surgical tools have been found.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

7. The Middle Ages
Galen's work was kept alive by Arab doctors. Islamic religion did not allow dead bodies to be dissected, so little new knowledge was found.
In Western Europe In the late Middle Ages the Christian Church also would not allow human dissection, Galen's work was still followed.
Military surgeons carried out simple operations on injured soldiers. Wine and hot cauterising irons used.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

8. The Renaissance
Vesalius' The Fabric of the Human Body was a turning point. Vesalius dissected human bodies and proved Galen wrong.
The power of the Church declined as old ideas proved wrong. In 1628 Harvey proved that blood was pumped around the body by the heart.
Paré forced to use a lotion of oil of roses, egg yolks and turpentine (a chance happening). Also used silk thread to tie up arteries, rather than stop the bleeding by using a cauterising iron.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

9. The modern era
X-rays were discovered by Roentgen in X-ray machines enable doctors to see the bones and the internal organs of the body.
Three major problems - pain, infection and bleeding. Pain overcome by chloroform, infection by antiseptic and bleeding by the discovery of blood groups.
The 20th century has seen the development of aseptic surgery and high-tech machinery. Period of rapid change in surgery.
Factors which brought this about included the growth of industry, science, technology, communications, and the major wars.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

10. Evaluation technique
Which factors were the most important to the development of surgery and anatomy?
Which factors were the least important to the development of surgery and anatomy?
Remember to explain why…
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

11. Examination technique
Surgery and anatomy changed at different times for different reasons.
Why was this? (8)
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history

12. Source work
Why was surgical knowledge different at these times? Explain your answer using Sources A and B and your knowledge. (8)
Source B:
A painting of the great German surgeon, Theodor Billroth performing an
operation. It was painted in 1890.
Theodor Billroth ( ) was Professor of Surgery in Vienna from He was described at the time as one of Europe’s best and most trusted surgeons. He developed many new surgical procedures. This painting recognises the importance Billroth gave to the training of surgeons.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history