1. Review
Define hormone, target organ, prostaglandin, hypersecretion, and hyposecretion
List the glands we covered, their locations, hormones secreted, target organs and actions of those hormones.
Describe the mechanisms of how steroid and non-steroid hormones interact with their target cells 
What mechanisms are responsible for controlling hormone release?
Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary glands 
List the symptoms of hyper and hypothyroidism, and define goiter.

2. Review Why is iodine is necessary in the diet?
What hormones secreted during long term stress?   Short term stress?
What are some possible effects of over secretion of cortisol?
Which gland is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Explain the differences between type I and II diabetes and how they're treated

3. Blood
Chapter 12

4. Blood Liquid connective tissue Travels within arteries and veins
Transport of substances
Protection/immune function
The average person has 4-6 L
~ 8% of body weight

5. Blood Composition

7. Blood Composition Plasma Liquid portion of blood ~55% 98% water
Transports dissolved substances
Nutrients
Wastes
Some gasses (O2, CO2)
Hormones and other chemicals
Plasma protiens

8. Blood Composition Plasma Plasma proteins Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen
Thicken the blood
Control filtration of plasma in and out of tissues via osmosis
Globulins
Antibodies
Part of the immune system
Fibrinogen
Essential for blood clotting

9. Blood Composition Plasma Serum Plasma without clotting factors
Still contains antibodies
Used to treat those who do not have needed antibodies

10. Blood Composition Formed Elements (cells) Suspended in the plasma
~ 45% of total blood
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
All cells except lymphocytes are formed in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
Lymphocytes are formed in lymphoid tissue found in lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

11. Blood Composition Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin
Protein within the RBC
Binds to both O2 and CO2
Gas exchange
Lungs: Pick up O2 and drop off CO2
Body tissues: Pick up CO2 and drop off O2

12. Erythrocytes

14. Blood Composition Leukocytes (White blood cells)
Part of the immune system
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils
Phagocytic
Engulf microbes
Eosinophils
Destroy parasites
Basophils
Allergic reactions
Inflammation

16. Blood Composition Leukocytes (White blood cells) Agranular leukocytes
Monocyte
Large phagocyte
Destroys microbes
Waste cleanup
Lymphocyte
B-cells and T-cells
Produce antibodies
Function in specific immune responses

17. Leukocytes

20. Blood Composition Thromboctyes (platelets) Blood clotting
Injury to blood vessel
Clotting factors released from damaged cells
Platelets become “sticky”, cling to damaged surfaces and form a platelet plug
More clotting factors released, combine with fibrinogen in plasma to form fibrin
Fibrin forms a net trapping cells and closing the wound

23. Hematocrit

24. Blood Types Determined by the “signature” of blood cells Antigen
Found on all cell membranes
Recognized by the immune system
Self vs. non-self
Antibody
Immune system molecule that recognizes and reacts with antigens
“Lock and key” model

25. Blood Types Antigen/antibody reaction
If antibodies are present that match an antigen they will bind together
Determines blood type
Causes agglutination
Clumping together of cells
Agglutinated cells cannot function and will be destroyed by phagocytes

26. Blood Types ABO Blood Types Red blood cell antigens A antigen (type A)
B antigen (type B)
Both A and B antigens (type AB)
Neither A nor B antigens (type O)

27. Blood Types ABO Blood Types
Antibodies to the antigen not present will be in plasma
Antigen A (type A) = antibody B
Antigen B (type B) = antibody A
Antigens A and B (type AB) = no antibodies
No antigens (type O) = antibodies A and B
These antibodies will attach to matching antigens and cause agglutination

31. Blood Types
Rh Types
RBC’s will either have the Rh antigen (Rh+) or no Rh antigen (Rh-)
Rh- blood will produce antibodies to Rh+ blood if it comes in contact with it
Erythroblastosis fetalis
First pregnancy of Rh- mother with Rh+ baby causes formation of Rh+ antibodies
Second pregnancy with Rh+ fetus causes agglutination of fetal RBC’s

33. Review Functions of plasma and all of the plasma proteins
Functions of all of the cells in the blood and where they are created
Antigen/antibody reaction and the ABO blood groups, be sure to understand the relationship between the antigens on the cells, the antibodies that would be present, and what blood group is represented depending on antigens present
Universal recipient and universal donor
Problems with Rh blood mismatch
Define hemoglobin
Understand the role of platelets in blood clotting