1. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Simple Squamous Epithelium
Figure 4-4a Simple Epithelia.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
LOCATIONS: Epithelia lining
ventral body cavities; lining heart
and blood vessels; portions of
kidney tubules (thin sections of
nephron loops); inner lining of
cornea; alveoli (air sacs) of lungs
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
FUNCTIONS: Reduces friction;
controls vessel permeability;
performs absorption and secretion
Connective tissue
LM x 238
Lining of peritoneal cavity

3. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Figure 4-4b Simple Epithelia.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
LOCATIONS: Glands; ducts;
portions of kidney tubules; thyroid
gland
Connective
tissue
FUNCTIONS: Limited protection,
secretion, absorption
Nucleus
Cuboidal
cells
Basement
membrane
Kidney tubule
LM x 650

4. Simple Columnar Epithelium
Figure 4-4c Simple Epithelia.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
LOCATIONS: Lining of
stomach, intestine, gallbladder,
uterine tubes, and collecting
ducts of kidneys
Microvilli
Cytoplasm
FUNCTIONS: Protection,
secretion, absorption
Nucleus
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Intestinal lining
LM x 350 .

5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Figure 4-5a Stratified Epithelia.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
LOCATIONS: Surface of
skin; lining of mouth, throat,
esophagus, rectum, anus,
and vagina
Squamous
superficial cells
Stem cells
FUNCTIONS: Provides physical
protection against abrasion,
pathogens, and chemical attack
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Surface of tongue
LM x 310

6. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Figure 4-5b Stratified Epithelia.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
LOCATIONS: Lining of
nasal cavity, trachea, and
bronchi; portions of male
reproductive tract
Cilia
Cytoplasm
Nuclei
FUNCTIONS: Protection,
secretion, move mucus
with cilia
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Trachea
LM x 350

7. Transitional Epithelium
Figure 4-5c Stratified Epithelia.
Transitional Epithelium
LOCATIONS: Urinary
bladder; renal pelvis;
ureters
Epithelium
(relaxed)
FUNCTIONS: Permits
expansion and recoil
after stretching
Basement membrane
Connective tissue and
smooth muscle layers
LM x 400
Empty bladder
Epithelium
(stretched)
Basement membrane
Connective tissue and
smooth muscle layers
Full bladder
LM x 400
Urinary bladder

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 4-2 A Classification of Exocrine Glands
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Mast cell Fibroblast Stem cell
Figure 4-8 Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper.
Reticular
fibers
Mast cell
Elastic
fibers
Fixed
macrophage
Antibody
producing cell
Free
macrophage
Collagen
fibers
Blood in
vessel
Fibroblast
Stem cell
Adipocytes
(fat cells)
Ground
substance
White blood
cell

10. Areolar Tissue Figure 4-9a Loose Connective Tissues.
LOCATIONS: Beneath dermis of
skin, digestive tract, respiratory
and urinary tracts; between
muscles; around blood vessels,
nerves, and around joints
Collagen
fibers
Mast cell
Fat cell
Fibroblasts
FUNCTIONS: Cushions
organs; provides support
but permits independent
movement; phagocytic
cells provide defense
against pathogens
Elastic fibers
Macrophage
Areolar tissue
LM x 400

11. Adipose Tissue Adipose tissue LOCATIONS: Deep to the skin,
Figure 4-9b Loose Connective Tissues.
Adipose Tissue
LOCATIONS: Deep to the skin,
especially at sides, buttocks,
breasts; padding around eyes
and kidneys
Adipocytes
FUNCTIONS: Provides
padding and cushions
shocks; insulates
(reduces heat loss);
stores energy
LM x 300
Adipose tissue .

12. Reticular Tissue Reticular tissue LOCATIONS: Liver, kidney, spleen,
Figure 4-9c Loose Connective Tissues.
Reticular Tissue
LOCATIONS: Liver, kidney, spleen,
lymph nodes, and bone marrow
FUNCTIONS: Provides supporting
framework
Reticular
fibers
Reticular tissue
from liver
LM x 375
Reticular tissue

13. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Figure 4-10a Dense Connective Tissues.
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
LOCATIONS: Between skeletal
muscles and skeleton (tendons
and aponeuroses); between
bones or stabilizing positions
of internal organs (ligaments);
covering skeletal muscles;
deep fasciae
Collagen
fibers
FUNCTIONS: Provides
firm attachment; conducts
pull of muscles; reduces
friction between muscles;
stabilizes relative positions
of bones
Fibroblast
nuclei
Tendon
LM x 440 .

14. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Figure 4-10b Dense Connective Tissues.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
LOCATIONS: Capsules of
visceral organs; periostea
and perichondria; nerve
and muscle sheaths; deep
dermis of the skin
FUNCTIONS: Provides
strength to resist forces
applied from many
directions; helps
prevent overexpansion
of organs such as
the urinary bladder
Collagen
fiber
bundles
Deep dermis
LM x 111

15. Figure 4-11a Types of Cartilage.
Hyaline Cartilage
LOCATIONS: Between tips of ribs
and bones of sternum; covering
bone surfaces at synovial joints;
supporting larynx (voice box),
trachea, and bronchi; forming part
of nasal septum
Chondrocytes
in lacunae
FUNCTIONS: Provides stiff but
somewhat flexible support;
reduces friction
between bony
surfaces
Matrix
LM x 500
Hyaline cartilage

16. Elastic Cartilage Figure 4-11b Types of Cartilage. Elastic cartilage
LOCATIONS: Auricle of external ear;
epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform
cartilages of larynx
Chondrocyte
In lacuna
FUNCTIONS: Provides support, but
tolerates distortion without
damage and returns
to original shape
Elastic fibers
in matrix
LM x 358
Elastic cartilage

17. Figure 4-11c Types of Cartilage.
Fibrocartilage
LOCATIONS: Pads within knee joint;
between pubic bones of pelvis;
intervertebral discs
FUNCTIONS: Resists
compression;
prevents bone-to-bone
contact; limits
movement
Chondrocytes
in lacunae
Fibrous
matrix
LM x 400
Fibrocartilage .

18. Table 4-3 A Comparison of Cartilage and Bone

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Tissue Membranes.
Mucous membranes are coated with the secretions of mucous glands. These
membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
reproductive tracts.
Mucous secretion
Epithelium
Lamina propria
(areolar tissue)
Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities (the perito-neal, pleural, and pericardial cavities).
Serous fluid
Epithelium
Areolar tissue
The cutaneous membrane, or skin, covers the outer surface of the body.
Epithelium
Areolar tissue
Dense irregular
connective tissue
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Synovial membranes line joint cavities and produce the fluid
within the joint.
Synovial fluid
Capsule
Capillary
Adipocytes
Areolar
tissue
Synovial
membrane
Epithelium
Bone
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Figure 4-14a Muscle Tissue.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Cells are long, cylindrical, striated,
and multinucleate.
Nuclei
LOCATIONS: Combined with
connective tissues and neural
tissue in skeletal muscles
FUNCTIONS: Moves or stabilizes
the position of the skeleton; guards
entrances and exits to the digestive,
respiratory, and urinary tracts;
generates heat; protects internal
organs
Muscle
fiber
Striations
LM x 180
Skeletal muscle

21. Cardiac Muscle Tissue Cardiac muscle Figure 4-14b Muscle Tissue.
Cells are short, branched, and striated,
usually with a single nucleus; cells are
interconnected by intercalated discs.
Nucleus
Cardiac
muscle
cells
LOCATION: Heart
FUNCTIONS: Circulates blood;
maintains blood (hydrostatic) pressure
Intercalated
discs
Striations
LM x 450
Cardiac muscle

22. Smooth Muscle Tissue Smooth muscle Figure 4-14c Muscle Tissue.
Cells are short, spindle-shaped, and
nonstriated, with a single, central
nucleus.
LOCATIONS: Found in the walls of
blood vessels and in digestive,
respiratory, urinary, and reproductive
organs
Nucleus
Smooth
muscle
cell
FUNCTIONS: Moves food, urine, and
reproductive tract secretions; controls
diameter of respiratory passageways;
regulates diameter of blood vessels
LM x 235
Smooth muscle

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Neural Tissue.
Brain
Nuclei of
neuroglia
Cell body
Nucleus
of neuron
Spinal
cord
Cell
body
Axon
terminals
Axon
Dendrites
Axon
LM x 600
Neuron
Photomicrograph
of neuron cell
body
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.