1. Continental + Maritime Environ.
Why do Different Parts of Canada experience different climates?
There are 4 factors that affect climate:
Latitude
Relief + Elevation
Continental + Maritime Environ.
Winds + Pressure Systems

2. Continental + Maritime Environ.
Areas far from oceans and large lakes in the interior of landmasses have a CONTINENTAL climate
These areas experience cold winters, warm to hot summers and experience less precipitation than areas located near water

3. INTERIOR CANADA

4. Continental + Maritime Environ.
Areas located by the oceans (coastal areas) or lakes have a MARITIME climate.
These areas experience cool to warm summers and experience larger amounts of precipitation than areas not located near water

5. COASTAL CANADA

6. Why is there a difference between these two areas??
2 Reasons
a) As an air mass passes over a large body of water (ocean or lake) it absorbs moisture. As the air continues on and passes over land the moisture may be released in some form of precipitation (rain/snow)
Picks up moisture
WET air mass
DRY air mass
LAND
LAND
LAKE

7.
RAIN RAIN RAIN!
This is why areas located near water have a high amount of precipitation
example – Vancouver or St. John’s
Picks up moisture
WET air mass
DRY air mass
LAND
LAND
LAKE

8. Why is there a difference between these two areas??
b) Water bodies moderate land temperatures
Water gains and loses heat slower than land
In the early summer, wind blowing off the water is cool, cooling the countryside (look at diagram)

9. Wind becomes cool over cool water Wind slowly becomes warmer
Warm Land
Cool Water
In the early winter, wind blowing off the water is warm, warming the countryside (Diagram on next slide)

10. Wind becomes warm over warm water Wind slowly becomes colder
Cold Land
Warm Water
Therefore a region near a body of water has winters not as cold and summers not as hot, compared to similar areas in the middle of a landmass (the temperature is MODERATED!)

11. Air Masses Affecting Canada

12. - = TR Temperature Range: Ie. 20°C – (-10°C) = 30°C
- Subtraction of coldest average monthly temperature from warmest average monthly temperature - = TR
Ie. 20°C – (-10°C) = 30°C

13. Continental Maritime
- There is no body of water moderating the temperature

14. Ocean Currents
The air mass passing over the current takes on the property of the current (hot, cold)

15. Air Mass:
- A large volume of air with the climate conditions of the area where it formed

16. #5.
- The air mass absorbs/picks up moisture from the ocean and will result in more precipitation in a maritime climate
Air Mass picks up moisture
WET air mass
LAND
LAND
OCEAN

17. #6.
- An air mass originating in a continental climate is dry as there is no moisture to absorb

18. #7. Continental - example? Typical Seasonal Temp: Annual Temp. Range:
Annual Precipitation:
HOT summers
COLD winters
>25°C
<1000 mm

19. #7. Maritime - example? Typical Seasonal Temp: Annual Temp. Range:
Annual Precipitation:
COOL/WARM summers
MILD/COOL winters
<25°C
>1000 mm

20. Winds and Pressure Systems
Why do Different Parts of Canada experience different climates?
There are 4 factors that affect climate:
Latitude
Relief + Elevation
Continental & Maritime Environ.
Winds and Pressure Systems

21. The last factor affecting climate is Winds and Pressure Systems
The last factor affecting climate is Winds and Pressure Systems. Today we will focus on how winds are created and how our seasons are influenced by special forces such as the polar front and jet stream.

22. - Differences in air pressure are created when the earth is heated to different temperatures
- Warmed air rising above the heated ground creates an area of low pressure
- Cooled air falling towards the ground creates an area of high pressure

23. HOT L H
Heated Ground
- Air moves along the surface of the earth from high pressure areas to low pressure areas causing WIND

24. Prevailing Winds Polar Front
- Winds that are most commonly found in Canada are the Westerlies which blow from West to East
Polar Front
- Stormy boundary between cold, dry polar air and warm, moist tropical air

26. Jet Stream:
- High above the polar front is the jet stream that is moving from west to east at km/hr, at altitudes between ,000m high
- The polar front jet stream encircles the earth and changes speed in relation with

27. Summer
- The boundary between cold and warm air moves northward, allowing warm air from the Gulf of Mexico to flow northward into Canada’s interior

28. Winter
- The boundary between cold and warm air moves southward, allowing cold Arctic air to flow farther southward into the United States

29.
When the warm air masses and cold air masses meet at the polar front, they do not mix easily which results in a battle in the sky (creating a storm)

30. Major Tornadoes in Canada
Regina, Saskatchewan, June 30, 1912: 28 dead, hundreds inj.
Edmonton, Alberta, July 31, 1987: 27 dead, 300 injured
Windsor, Ontario, June 17, 1946: 17 dead
Pine Lake, Alberta, July 14, 2000: 12 dead, 140 injured
Valleyfield, Quebec, August 16, 1888: 9 dead, 14 injured
Windsor, Ontario, April 3, 1974: 9 dead, 30 injured
Barrie, Ontario, May 31, 1985: 8 dead, 155 injured
Sudbury, Ontario, August 20, 1970: 6 dead, 200 injured
St-Rose, Quebec, June 14, 1892: 6 dead, 26 injured
Buctouche, N.B, August 6, 1879: 5 dead, 10 injured
Major Tornadoes in Canada

31. Major Tornadoes in Canada
Regina, Saskatchewan, June 30, 1912: 28 dead, hundreds inj.
Edmonton, Alberta, July 31, 1987: 27 dead, 300 injured
Windsor, Ontario, June 17, 1946: 17 dead
Pine Lake, Alberta, July 14, 2000: 12 dead, 140 injured
Valleyfield, Quebec, August 16, 1888: 9 dead, 14 injured
Windsor, Ontario, April 3, 1974: 9 dead, 30 injured
Barrie, Ontario, May 31, 1985: 8 dead, 155 injured
Sudbury, Ontario, August 20, 1970: 6 dead, 200 injured
St-Rose, Quebec, June 14, 1892: 6 dead, 26 injured
Buctouche, N.B, August 6, 1879: 5 dead, 10 injured

32. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8apXOQQKuPU The Barrie Tornado:
A Community rallies

33. Major Hailstorms in Canada

35. Types of Precipitation

36. You will find it easier to understand why precipitation occurs, if you remember these 2 points:
1. error:/hy 2.

37. Air may rise for any of the following reasons:
1. It rises to cross an area of high elevation.
This causes relief precipitation.
2. It rises because it has absorbed heat from the earth’s surface. This causes convectional precipitation.
3. It rises because there is cooler, denser air mass flowing beneath it that forces it up. This causes cyclonic precipitation.

38. 1. Relief Precipitation
Precipitation created when an air mass rises to cross a mountain barrier:
Also called Orographic precipitation

39. WINDWARD LEEWARD Rainshadow
Prevailing Wind
3. Air reaches the top, goes down other side (rain stops)
WINDWARD
LEEWARD
2. Air rises, cools, condensation occurs forming clouds (rain falls)
Rainshadow
1. Warm moist air is forced up

40. 2. Convectional Precipitation
Precipitation caused by hot summer days, when heated land causes the air above it to rise by convection
As the air rises, it cools and moisture condenses into clouds and precipitation. This type of  precipitation is common in the prairie province

41. 2. Convectional Precipitation
HOT SUMMER DAY
Cumulonimbus cloud
2. Clouds form when the rising air becomes cool
Convection level
3. Cooled H2O vapour changes into H2O droplets
WARM AIR
Vertical Updrafts
WARM AIR
PRAIRIES
1. Air close to the earth rises when heated by the sun (forms UPDRAFTS)

42. 2. Convectional Precipitation
HOT SUMMER DAY
Cumulonimbus cloud
2. Clouds form when the rising air becomes cool
Convection level
3. Cooled H2O vapour changes into H2O droplets
WARM AIR
4. Creates thunderstorms with lightning (sometimes creates hail)
Vertical Updrafts
WARM AIR
Downdrafts
PRAIRIES
1. Air close to the earth rises when heated by the sun (forms UPDRAFTS)

43. 3. Cyclonic Precipitation
Precipitation caused when a warm, moist air mass is forced to rise by a cool, dry air mass
This is also called frontal precipitation

44. 3. Cyclonic Precipitation
Heavier cool air forces lighter warm air up