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Latitude (Angle/Intensity of sunlight)
So …. Latitude (Angle/Intensity of sunlight) Specific Heat Capacity of surface Tilt of the axis Proximity to Oceans …all affect energy flow and therefore climate WHAT ELSE INFLUENCES CLIMATE? GEOMORPHOLOGY earth + form + study of
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MOUNTAINS The rainshadow effect – rising air cools, holds less water vapor.
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Tibetan Plateau Himalayas India
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Nevada Central Valley Crest
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MOUNTAINS + ONSHORE WINDS
AT times, cooler sea air comes in under the warm and sits there, creating a temperature inversion ocean
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Temperature inversions trap cold air, prevent vertical circulation
Smog, dust gets trapped cooling warming cooling
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desert mountains mountains mountains ocean mountains “Valley of the Smokes”
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ALTITUDE • mimics latitude in terms of air temp, biome
• less dense, dry air
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Popocateptl Mexico 19° N
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Bottle filled at the top of Mauna Kea, HI 19°N
14,000 ft altitude 9000 ft 1000ft
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ORIENTATION TO THE SUN
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OCEAN CURRENTS
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Florida Gulf Stream
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Climatograms are a snapshot of climate
Use 2 Y axes: Temp is a line graph; precipitation is a bar graph To compare locations, use same Y axis scales between graphs
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Ocean circulation
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Surface waters circulate horizontally, pushed by
the lower winds of the global convection cells.
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Deep water circulation involves one giant current which slowly
drains one ocean into another, turning over all the water in the process Driven by cold, salty water at the poles Coldest, saltiest water at arctic sinks Antarctica recharges cold water
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Normal El Nino
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Warmer than normal : El Nino Colder than normal : La Nina
Oceans temps measured via buoys
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El Nino affects local weather, upper westerlies (jet stream), fisheries
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