1. Concerto Grosso & Ritornello Fugue

2. Concerto Grosso
Consists of several movements that contrast in tempo and character
Small group of soloists against large group (Tutti):2-4 soloists vs. 20 or more musicians (Strings and basso continuo)
3 movements : fast, slow,fast; 1st movement vigorous, showing contrast between tutti and soloists
Slow movement quiet and lyrical; last movement lively, dance like
1st and last movement are usually in ritornello form

3. Ritornello Form
The refrian: repeated section of music played by the tutti,alternated by soloists playing new material
Played in different keys throughout movement;returns in fragments throughout movement.
At the end, entire ritornello in home key

4. Solo section New melodic ideas, softer dynamics Lots of notes!!!
Expansion of short melodic ideas from tutti

5. Fugue Polyphonic composition based on one theme: subject
One of main forms of baroque music/composition
Written for a group of instruments or single keyboard instrument
Different melodic lines (voices) imitate the subject

6. Fugue Top line-soprano, bottom line-bass
Texture can be 3-5 voices;subject remains constant throughout;shifts to different keys or combined with different musical material
Form extremely flexible; only thing constant is how they begin: with subject
Subject imitated in other voices after introduction in soprano voice (usual technique)

7. Fugue
Subject can be announced in ANY voice; order of imitation can be changed
Example: Row, Row Row your boat (exact imitation)
After presentation of subject, goes its own way with different melodic material

8. Fugue
In opening of fugue, subject presented in two different scales: 1st time on tonic key or scale
2nd voice presents subject, dominant scale, becomes answer
Alternation between subject and answer creates variety

9. Fugue Many fugues, there is a countersubject:
melodic idea that accompanies the subject constantly
Countersubject always appears with subject;above or below
After subject present, composer free to choose direction of music

10. Fugue Between subjects, transition music:episodes
Episode brought new musical material, or fragments of subject or counter subject.
Episodes don’t present subject in full;add variety and freshness

11. Fugues Other musical features
Stretto: subject imitated before its completed; one voice trying to catch the other
Pedal point: one tone in the bass (usually) is held while the other ovices produce a series of changing harmonies against it;AKA organ point

12. Fugues Subject varied in 4 main ways
Inversion: subject turned upside-down, intervals in subject reversed
Retorgrade:beginning with the last note of subject and preceding back to the first note
Augmentation:original time values are lengthened
Diminution: time values shortened

13. Fugues Sense of mood and continuous flow
Written as independent works or single movements within larger composition
Most independent fugues are introduced by shorter pieces:preludes