1. Volume 1, Issue 6, Pages 547-559 (June 2009)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Emerging Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 
Chad D. Markert, PhD, Anthony Atala, MD, Jennifer K. Cann, BA, George Christ, PhD, Mark Furth, PhD, Fabrisia Ambrosio, PT, PhD, Martin K. Childers, DO, PhD 
PM&R 
Volume 1, Issue 6, Pages (June 2009)
DOI: /j.pmrj
Copyright © 2009 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Stem cells in skeletal muscle development. (a) In the developing embryo, muscle formation is regulated by signaling pathways on either side of the notochord (NC). Within the somite (S) are the sclerotome and dermomyotome (DM). Signals from the notochord, neural tube (NT), and surface ectoderm (SE) begin events that lead to myogenic differentiation. The ventral neural tube and notochord produce Sonic hedgehog (Shh), whereas the dorsal neural tube produces Wnt-1. (b) Pax-3, Myf 5, and MRF4 (Myf 6) activate MyoD in mesodermal precursor cells, committing them to the myogenic lineage.
PM&R 2009 1, DOI: ( /j.pmrj )
Copyright © 2009 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Perivascular stem cells home to the site of muscle injury. (a) Magnetic resonance imaging of mouse after intramuscular injection of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or cadiotoxin (CTX). (b) Femoral artery injection method in mice. Square indicates catheter insertion site, solid arrow indicates catheter path, dotted arrow indicates path of injected cells. (c) Untreated control mouse. (d) Mouse injected with iron oxide–labeled perivascular stem cells. (e,f) Mouse injected first with CTX, then with labeled cells. Circled area indicates region of labeled cells. Coronal and axial views shown in (e) and (f), respectively.
PM&R 2009 1, DOI: ( /j.pmrj )
Copyright © 2009 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions